1. BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 3 PAGES 151-155, 786-805

2. Standard:
____ Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.
5.16

3. Essential Questions: 1. How does the fetus develop from
fertilization to birth?

4. I. Reproductive Systems
In order for a species to continue, reproduction of new individuals must occur. Each individual begins as a single ____ and continues to grow through the process of _______ until enough cells have been created to sustain life in the outside world.
Reproductive System = a collection of specialized _______, glands and _______ that help to produce a new _________ being
cell
mitosis
organs
tissues
individual

6. In humans, reproductive organs are not fully functional until ________
puberty = a period of rapid _______ and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully __________
puberty
growth
functional

7. A. The Male Reproductive System
The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver _______
The testes are the male reproductive organ responsible for the production of _______ and stored in the ________ outside of the body
the hormones _____ and ____ stimulate the testes to produce ______
sperm
sperm
scrotum
FSH LH
sperm

9. The testes are outside of body because it is about ___ cooler which sperm require for proper __________
Seminiferous ________ inside the testes actually make the sperm
For sperm to exit the organism, it must move into the ___________, through the ____ deferens and out of the ______
There are approximately _____ million sperm per drop in semen 3°
formation
tubules
vas
epididymis
penis
2.5

10. B. The Female Reproductive System
The main function of the female reproductive system is to produce ____ (egg) AND provide a nourishing environment for an ________
Unlike males who produce _______ continuously throughout their lifetime, females only produce one mature ____ or egg each _______ (about every ___ days)
ova
embryo
sperm
ova
month 28

12. Eggs are stored in the ______ or the female reproductive organ
Each egg has clusters of ________ attached to it which help the egg become _______ before leaving the ______
ovulation = the release of a mature egg from the ______
ovary
follicles
mature
ovary
ovary

14. For eggs to exit the ovary, it must move into the _________ tube and into the______ cavity
if the egg is _________ then it will implant in the _______ and an embryo will form
if the egg is NOT ________ then it will exit the _______ through the ______ and out of the vagina
uterus
fallopian
fertilized
uterus
fertilized
uterus
cervix

16. fallopian
tube
egg cell
egg released
corpus luteum
uterine wall
ovary
follicle
uterus
5 to 7 days to uterus

17. Remember, the function of the female reproductive system is NOT just to make eggs but to also provide a nourishing ____________ which comes from the _______
every time an egg is released, the uterus prepares for an implanted ________
if the egg is not fertilized, then the lining of the uterus will ______ and exit with the unfertilized egg through the _______ and out of the vagina
environment
uterus
embryo
shed
cervix

18. Menstruation = the phase of the menstrual ______ in which unfertilized _____ and the lining of the ________ actually _____ the female body
cycle
eggs
uterus
exits

19. C. Stages of Pregnancy
Eggs usually become _________ by sperm in the _________ tubes
Zygote = a fertilized _____
fertilized
fallopian
egg

20. as soon as the zygote is formed, it undergoes _________ which increases the number of cells
about __ days after the formation of the zygote, the embryo is approximately ___ cells large and called a ________
the ___________ is what implants or embeds itself in the wall of the _______
from here the embryo will continue to grow in _____ and the cells will ____________ or become specialized until the fetus is born (this takes approximately __ months in humans)
mitosis 4 64
morula
blastocyst
uterus
size
differentiate 9

23. 1. FIRST TRIMESTER (WEEKS 1-13)
neurulation = the beginning development of the _________ system
the placenta forms
placenta = the connection between a _______ and a developing ________ through which nutrients and _______ are passed (through the process of _________!!!!)
nervous
mother
embryo
wastes
diffusion

24. eye formation, jaws, arms, legs, fingers, hands, toes become __________
fetus = name of embryo at week __ of pregnancy
umbilical cord ______ from placenta to ________
by week ___, the baby has all the major ______ systems partially developed
fetal heartbeat develops
noticeable 8
forms
mother 11
organ

27. 2. SECOND TRIMESTER (WEEKS 14-27)
bone formation begins and early _________ develops
hair covers the ______
the fetus begins ___________ that can be felt by the ________
hearing is well __________ and there is evident rapid ____ movement
skeleton
fetus
movement
mother
developed
eye

29. 3. THIRD TRIMESTER (WEEKS 28-40)
organ systems _______ and the fetus ________ in mass
regulation of body ___________ is now possible
the central nervous system and lungs complete their development
the fetus moves into head down into the ______ and awaits birth
mature
doubles
temperature
pelvis

31. II. Cell Differentiation = the process by which unspecialized cells develop into mature ______ and __________
The function of a cell will be determined by its ________ within an embryo
once a cell’s function is determined, the cell will only use parts of the _____ needed to help with that particular function
forms
functions
location
DNA

32. Stem cells = a cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining _______________
stem cells are classified according to which _____ of cell they can become:
a. totipotent stem cell = a type of stem cell which can become ____ type of cell
e.g.
undifferentiated
type
any
fertilized egg

33. b. pluripotent stem cell = a type of stem cell which can become ____ type of cell EXCEPT a totipotent stem cell
e.g.
c. multipotent stem cell = a type of stem cell that can only grow into _______ related cells
any
embryonic stem cell
closely
adult stem cell

35. First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish
First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients. Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain molecules.