1. Review of Long-term Memory
Organizes and stores info
Capacity unlimited
Thought by some to be permanent
Encoding transfers info from STM to LTM
Long-term
memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal

2. Automatic vs. Effortful Encoding
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of information
Examples:
What did you eat for lunch today?
Was the last time you studied during the day or night?
You know the meanings of these very words you are reading. Are you actively trying to process the definition of the words?

3. Automatic vs. Effortful Encoding
Effortful processing
Requires attention and conscious effort
Examples:
Memorizing your notes for your upcoming Introduction to Psychology exams
Repeating a phone number in your head until you can write it down
Different levels of effortful processing

4. Levels of Processing Experiment
Instructions:
A word will appear once a second
Follow the instructions on your sheet
Simply check yes or no in the appropriate column
There will be 42 words total
Beach
Waist
Child
Trunk
Teacher
General
Turkey
Book
Image
Ink
Pheasant
Patient
Ankle
Bass
House
Barn
Boat
Leaf
Indian
Radio
Blue
Mother
Carriage
Earlobe
Dog
Cousin
Grill
Carrot
Red
Rabbit
Picnic
Aunt
Uncle
Elephant
Trout
Brain
Memory
Knee
Duck
Cabbage
Gold
Horse

5. Shallow processing
Processing only superficial characteristics of a piece of information
Examples:
visual encoding: encoding of images
Does a word contain the letter “e”?
Does a word contain all capital letters?
Was the word in italics?
acoustic encoding: sound-based encoding
Does a word rhyme with gum?
Maintenance rehearsal: simple repetition

6. Deep levels of processing
Elaboration: focus on meaning of info to encode info into LTM
don’t simply repeat items over and over
tie item to other info in memory
also called elaborative rehearsal

7. Ways to use deep processing
Actively question new info
Think about its implications
Relate info to things you already know
Generate own examples of concepts
Don’t highlight passage as you read
focus on the ideas in the text

8. Which level is more effective?
Percent of words recalled
Type of Processing
Shallow - Visual
Visual
(written in capitals?)
Acoustic
(rhymes with...)
Semantic
(type of…)
Shallow - Acoustic
Deep
Deep processing leads to better recall than shallow processing

9. More evidence for deep processing
Positive correlation between grades and use of elaboration in 5th-grade students
In an experiment, college students assigned to use elaboration received higher grades than students not taught elaboration
key words: levels of processing; elaboration; deep processing; encoding; long-term memory
Notes:
- The first item (with 5th-grade students) refers to a study by Bransford (1982).
- The second item (with college students) refers to a study by Heiman (1987).
- Both studies are referred to more in depth on Page 326 in Peter Gray's Psychology text (3rd edition).

10. Enhancing encoding Dual coding theory Mnemonics visualization
key word method
method of loci
peg word method

11. Method of Loci Imagine moving through a familiar series of locations
the campus, your house, etc.
Associate each place/room with a visual representation of the objects to be remembered

12. Method of Loci
For example, imagine this visual scenario

13. Ebbinghaus experiment
Can boost memory through repetition
The more time spent learning information, the more you retain
Experiment
Day 1 - memorized lists of nonsense syllables: BAF, HAB, JUV, VEZ, etc…
varied number of repetitions
Day 2 - examined how long it took to relearn the list studied on Day one

14. Ebbinghaus results Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
As rehearsal
increases,
relearning time
decreases