1. Chapter 7 Immigrants & Urbanization

2. Reasons for immigration
Push Factors- Negative factors from which people are fleeing
Poverty, scarce land
Political and religious persecution

3. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area
Promise of freedom and better life (streets paved with gold)
Family or friends already in the U.S.
Factory jobs available
"No Cats in America"

4. Changing patterns of Immigration
Before most immigrants from Northwest Europe: England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia (“Old Immigrants”)

5. After many immigrants from Southeast Europe: Italy, Poland, Greece, Russia, Hungary, and China (“New Immigrants”)

6. New Immigrants 1880s from southern and eastern Europe
Some Americans feared that the new immigrants would not assimilate
Anti-foreignism or nativism arose in the 1880s
1882- Congress passes the first restrictive law against immigrants – forced paupers, criminals, and convicts back to their homelands
1882- Chinese Exclusion Act

7. The Long Voyage
Steerage- airless rooms below decks of ships where 2000 people were stuffed-diseases spread

8. Europeans arrived in New York City- saw the
Statue of Liberty, stopped at Ellis Island- where they had to pass a medical inspection

11. On the West Coast, immigrants from China and Japan traveled to Angel Island in San Francisco Bay

14. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which made it unlawful for Chinese laborers to enter the country and declared Chinese already living in the United States ineligible for U.S. citizenship. (10 yrs)
Renewed in 1892 (10 yrs)
Made permanent in 1902
Remained in effect until 1943

15. Urbanization

16. Urban Opportunities
Most immigrants stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods
Americanization movement designed to assimilate immigrants into American culture
Assimilation- the process of becoming part of another culture

17. Urban Problems Housing Row houses Tenements
Laws passed to set minimum standard for plumbing & ventilation
Transportation
Mass transit – street cars, NYC subway built in 1910s
Water
Cities faced problem of supplying safe drinking water
Filtration introduced in 1870s
Sanitation
Sewer lines built & sanitation departments created
Crime
Law enforcement departments established
Fire
Fire departments
Sprinkler systems introduced

19. Reform Movements

20. Reform
Settlement houses – community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants (Jane Addams founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889)
Taught English
Provided child care
Helped immigrants find jobs
Social Gospel Movement
The importance of applying Christian principles to social problems

21. Politics of the Gilded Age

22. The Gilded Age
Writer Mark Twain described the excesses of the 19th century by dubbing it The Gilded Age

23. The Emergence of Political Machines
Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city
Provided services in exchange for money and votes

24. Political Machine Organization

25. The Role of the Political Boss
Controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses
Influenced courts and municipal agencies
Solved urban problems to gain the favor of voters

26. Immigrants and the Machine
Many political bosses were first or second generation immigrants
They could help the immigrants become naturalized citizens
Why would these bosses help them?

27. Municipal Graft & Scandal
Graft = the illegal use of political influence for personal gain

28. Municipal Graft and Scandal
As the influence of political bosses grew, so did their susceptibility to corruption
Election fraud and graft
After a while, political machines couldn't just rely on voters so they turned to fraud
The political machine started taking “kickbacks” from the cities

29. The Tweed Ring Scandal Boss Tweed Thomas Nast
Head of Tammany Hall in NYC
Led a group of corrupt politicians
Defrauded NYC of $10million
Thomas Nast
Political cartoonist
Helped to break the Tweed Ring

30. What to Look for in Political Cartoons
Titles and Captions (Explain the cartoon)
Symbolism (what do certain things represent? Clover=Irish)
Labeling (labels help us understand)
Exaggeration (Big ears, Big belly, Caricatures)
Analogy (comparing 2 different things)

31. The Tammany Tiger Loose What are you going to do about it?

32. “Who Stole the People’s Money?” – Do Tell.
What is this political cartoon depicting? Do you recognize any figures?

33. The “Brains”

34. Gilded Age Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland (again!)

35. 3 Gilded Age Political Issues
Patronage (the spoils system)
Giving government jobs to supporters whether they are qualified or not
Tariffs
Taxes placed on imported goods (should they be raised or lowered?)
Money
Gold standard, silver standard, both, or paper money?

36. Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Since the early 19th century, people were given government jobs based on patronage
Was known as the “spoils system” under Andrew Jackson
Reformers thought civil service jobs should go to those most qualified

37. Civil Service Replaces Patronage
President Rutherford B. Hayes (1876) - Rep
Won election because of secret deal to withdraw troops from the South.
Wanted to get rid of patronage but could not convince Congress to support reform
So he named Independents to his cabinet
President James A. Garfield (1880) - Rep
He was assassinated in 1881 by a lawyer that he didn't give a job to

38. Civil Service Replaces Patronage
President Chester Arthur (1881) - Rep
As Vice-President he supported the spoils system
But due to Garfield’s assassination, he turned to public sentiment and reform
Signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883
Angered the Republican Party, and they didn’t nominate him for re-election

39. The Tariff Issue Tariffs are taxes on imported goods Democrats
Support low tariffs
Would allow farmers to sell their products over seas
Makes goods cheaper for the common man
Republicans
Support high tariffs
Makes imported goods more expensive
Ensures people buy American products

40. Business Buys Influence
Grover Cleveland (Dem)
Elected in 1884, viewed as respectable
First Democrat in 28 years
Wanted lower tariffs
Benjamin Harrison (Rep)
Elected in 1888 (lost popular vote)
Wanted higher tariffs
McKinley Tariff Act- highest tariffs yet
Grover Cleveland reelected in 1892 (Dem)
Only President to serve 2 nonconsecutive terms
McKinley Tariffs were lowered, but Cleveland refused to sign the bill because it provided a federal income tax