1. KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)

2. What makes this kingdom unique?
Most abundant organisms on Earth
Outnumber all other organisms combined
More in a handful of dirt than the total number of
people who have ever lived

3. Characteristics
Prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

4. Characteristics smaller than Smaller than smallest eukaryotes
prokaryotes
Smaller than smallest eukaryotes
All are unicellular
Now considered two kingdoms:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

5. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Archae = ancient
Evolution considers them the first organisms
Can live where no others can

6. Types of Archaebacteria: methanogens
Convert CO2 into methane gas
O2 is poison to them
Require anaerobic conditions
(i.e. sewage or swamp)
Thrive in cow and human intestines

7. Types of Archaebacteria: thermoacidophiles
Love hot and acidic environment
Many are chemosynthetic
volcanic vents
hydrothermal vents

8. Types of Archaebacteria: extreme halophiles
Halophiles are salt‐loving organisms that flourish in saline environments and can be classified as slightly, moderately or extremely halophilic, depending on their requirement for sodium chloride
Salt-loving
Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea
Use salt to generate ATP

9. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Classified in two ways: shape and stain
3 different shapes
Unicellular or colonies

10. 1. SPHERE-SHAPED: COCCUS
Diplococcus - two
Staphylococcus – clusters
Streptococcus – strings

11. 2. ROD-SHAPED: BACILLUS
Diplobacillus - two
Streptobacillus - strings

12. 3. CORK SCREW: SPIRILLUM

13. REACTION TO STAIN Differing reaction based on cell wall
Gram stain used for classification
Differing reaction based on cell wall
Cell membrane
(Phospholipid)
Peptidoglycan
(Protein + sugar)
Lipopolysaccharide
(Fat + sugar)
Gram-negative
Gram-positive

14. GRAM-POSITIVE EUBACTERIA
Absorb Gram stain and appear purple
Simple cell wall antibiotics are effective

15. GRAM-NEGATIVE EUBACTERIA
Do not absorb Gram stain
Absorb a secondary pink stain
Complex cell wall antibiotics are ineffective

16. ALEXANDER FLEMING - 1928 Scottish bacteriologist
Grew Staphylococcus bacteria in dish
Contaminated by Penicillium mold
Mold inhibited the bacteria 1st antibiotic

17. ANTIBIOTICS Fight pathogens Interfere with formation of cell walls
Many obtained from bacteria or fungi
Others produced synthetically

18. NATURAL BODY DEFENSES SKIN MUCUS TEARS STOMACH ACID LEUCOCYTES
ANTIBODIES

19. BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic O2
Availability of O advent of aerobic organisms
Anabaena
Nostoc
Oscillatoria

20. BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Nitrogen fixers
Rhizobacteria grow in roots of soybeans, alfalfa
Convert atmospheric N2 into usable form for plants

21. BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Decomposers
Break down matter into simpler substances
Nutrients released into the soil

22. BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Living Together (Symbioisis)
Mutualism: both
organisms benefit
Bacteria and
Komodo dragons
Bacteria-laden
saliva
Mouth provides
habitat

23. BACTERIA and INDUSTRY ~ Food Production
Ferment lactose in milk
sour cream, yogurt, and buttermilk
Digest protein in milk
ricotta cheese and cottage cheese
Fermentation
pickles and sauerkraut