1. Experimental Clinical Psychology Session III
Eiko Fried
Department of Clinical Psychology
Leiden University

2. A guest … Kim de Jong is teaching on May 24
1pm sharp to 2.35pm without break 

4. Intro Summary Biggest issues of the study
What were your biggest issues with the assignment

5. 1) Source
Read the paper by Bryant et al., 2013, and review table 4.1 in Kazdin (page 79). What was the source of the idea for this study, in terms of Kazdin’s table? Briefly explain your choice.
Answer
Extending external validity
Extension to new populations
Studying exceptions

6. 2) Control group
In Table 6.1, page 140, Kazdin lists a number of possible control groups for intervention research. What type of control group, in the terms of Kazdin, did Bryant et al. (2013) use in this study?

7. 2) Control group
In Table 6.1, page 140, Kazdin lists a number of possible control groups for intervention research. What type of control group, in the terms of Kazdin, did Bryant et al. (2013) use in this study?

8. 2) Control group
In Table 6.1, page 140, Kazdin lists a number of possible control groups for intervention research. What type of control group, in the terms of Kazdin, did Bryant et al. (2013) use in this study?

9. 2) Control group
In Table 6.1, page 140, Kazdin lists a number of possible control groups for intervention research. What type of control group, in the terms of Kazdin, did Bryant et al. (2013) use in this study?

10. 2) Control group
In Table 6.1, page 140, Kazdin lists a number of possible control groups for intervention research. What type of control group, in the terms of Kazdin, did Bryant et al. (2013) use in this study?
Answer:
Nonspecific treatment (or attention-placebo) control group (no explanation needed)
Wrong name but right explanation: still points

11. 3a) Control group
Was the type of control group a good choice for this study? Explain your answer.
Notes:
We were getting at yes OR no, but didn’t say this clearly enough
If 2 wrong but 3a well explained, full points here

12. 3a) Control group
Was the type of control group a good choice for this study? Explain your answer.
Answers:
Yes, design accounts for common factors (e.g. (therapist attention, number of sessions, etc)
No because there is an active element in supportive therapy [Kazdin says specifically it’s very difficult to have a psychological placebo without any active part]
No because other downsides of control group (p. 2159, passive nature of the supportive counseling; -motivation)

13. 3b) Credibility / diffusion of treatment
What procedures did the investigators undertake to check whether the control condition was credible and to check for diffusion of treatment?

14. 3b) Credibility / diffusion of treatment
What procedures did the investigators undertake to check whether the control condition was credible and to check for diffusion of treatment?
Answers:
Treatment fidelity check (audiotapes)
Credibility / Expectancy questionnaire

15. 3b) Credibility / diffusion of treatment
What procedures did the investigators undertake to check whether the control condition was credible and to check for diffusion of treatment?
Answers:
Treatment fidelity check (audiotapes)
Credibility / Expectancy questionnaire

16. 3b) Credibility / diffusion of treatment
What procedures did the investigators undertake to check whether the control condition was credible and to check for diffusion of treatment?
Answers:
Treatment fidelity check (audiotapes)
Credibility / Expectancy questionnaire

17. 3c) Credibility / diffusion of treatment
What did these checks show?

18. 4a) Mechanisms
On page 91, Kazdin talks about ‘mechanisms’. Although the authors have not investigated potential mechanisms in this study, discuss the potential (hypothetical) mechanism of providing emotion regulation skills prior to CBT for PTSD.

19. 4a) Mechanisms
On page 91, Kazdin talks about ‘mechanisms’. Although the authors have not investigated potential mechanisms in this study, discuss the potential (hypothetical) mechanism of providing emotion regulation skills prior to CBT for PTSD.
We did not specify that you need the authors’ ideas here, so your idea is fine if well argued!
What is a mechanism

20. 4b) Study outcomes
The authors (Bryant et al. 2013, p. 2159) state that their study “(…) provides tentative evidence that the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapy may be enhanced by preparing patients with skills in managing distress. (….) The current pattern of results raises the possibility that emotion regulation training represents one way forward to maintain patients in treatment, and may potentially facilitate treatment response in those who would otherwise not benefit from CBT.” Describe the three most important outcomes of their study, based on which the authors have drawn these conclusions.

21. 4b) Study outcomes The authors (Bryant et al. 2013, p. 2159) state
the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapy may be enhanced by preparing patients with skills in managing distress.
emotion regulation training represents a way forward to maintain patients in treatment
emotion regulation training may potentially facilitate treatment response in non-responders
Describe the three most important outcomes of their study, based on which the authors have drawn these conclusions.

22. 4b) Study outcomes The authors (Bryant et al. 2013, p. 2159) state
the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapy may be enhanced by preparing patients with skills in managing distress.
emotion regulation training represents a way forward to maintain patients in treatment
emotion regulation training may potentially facilitate treatment response in non-responders
Describe the three most important outcomes of their study, based on which the authors have drawn these conclusions.

23. 4b) Study outcomes The authors (Bryant et al. 2013, p. 2159) state
the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapy may be enhanced by preparing patients with skills in managing distress.
emotion regulation training represents a way forward to maintain patients in treatment
emotion regulation training may potentially facilitate treatment response in non-responders
Describe the three most important outcomes of their study, based on which the authors have drawn these three conclusions.

24. 4b) Study outcomes Lower PTSD etc at follow up
The authors (Bryant et al. 2013, p. 2159) state
the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapy may be enhanced by preparing patients with skills in managing distress.
emotion regulation training represents a way forward to maintain patients in treatment
emotion regulation training may potentially facilitate treatment response in non-responders
Describe the three most important outcomes of their study, based on which the authors have drawn these three conclusions.
Lower PTSD etc at follow up
Distress ratings differ increasingly across groups
More sessions / dropout

25. 4c) Criticism
Read the commentary by De Jongh and Bicanic (2014), and summarize their two most important points of critique in your own words.
Answers:
No difference post-treatment
Difference at follow-up is due to greater relapse in supportive counceling; both conditions more relapse than previously reported
Attrition higher than in other studies
EMDR and imaginary exposure established treatments that are effective within a short time span

26. 4d) Summary
Given the results of Bryant et al. (2013) and the commentary by De Jongh and Bicanic (2014), what is your own scientific opinion about preparatory emotion regulation training prior to CBT for single-event PTSD?

29. Spurious correlations
Ice cream ~ pool drownings

30. Spurious correlations

31. Spurious correlations

32. Spurious correlations

33. Spurious correlations

34. Spurious correlations

35. Often, patterns in data have a different explanation

36. Often, patterns in data have a different explanation

37. Often, patterns in data have a different explanation
Pirates as holy beings

38. Often, patterns in data have a different explanation
Somalia: lowest CO2 emissions, highest number of pirates

39. Often, patterns in data have a different explanation

40. Spurious correlations

41. Different room next time

43. Break