1. Assessment of NORM in bauxite residue to facilitate valorization
Andrei Goronovski, Alan Tkaczyk
Bauxite Residue Valorisation and Best Practices Conference BR2018

2. 1.Natural radiation
Natural radiation is caused mainly by three primordial isotopes (and their decay products):
232Th
238U
40K
Bauxite Residue Valorisation and Best Practices Conference BR2018

3. 2.Radionuclides in Greek BR
Greek BR Chemical and Radiological Composition:
Compound
Typically %
Fe2O3
42.58
Al2O3
16.63
CaO
11.36
SiO2
7.6
TiO2 5
Na2O
3.49
Rest
~13.34
Isotope
Bq/kg
228Ra
435±11
228Th
425±21
238U
151±9
226Ra
174±2
40K
22±6
Lower than in human body, order of magnitude lower of magnitude lower than in the soil.
EURATOM Basic Safety Standard: materials with radionuclide concentrations 1 kBq/kg for thorium and uranium series nuclides and 10 kBq/kg for 40K are exempt from further radiological clearance*.
*European Parliament, “Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom, 96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom a,” Off J Eur Commun L13, no. December 2003, pp. 1–73, 2014.

4. 3.Result Summary RS- iron recovery with Reductive Smelting.
Lower than in human body, order of magnitude lower of magnitude lower than in the soil.
RS- iron recovery with Reductive Smelting.
RR1- iron recovery with Reductive Roasting and magnetic separation.
RR2- iron recovery with Reductive Roasting and magnetic separation.
RRNM- non-magnetic fraction (residue) after Reductive Roasting.
AL- aluminum recovery with Alkaline Leaching (with Na2CO3).
IL- Primary metals and REE recovery with Ionic liquid Leaching.
AcL- REE recovery with Acidic Leaching. HNO3, HCL, H2SO4 were used.

5. Thank you for your attention! Questions?