1. Church Reform and the Crusades
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Church Reform and the Crusades

2. Background 500-1000 is known as the “dark ages”
Churches and monasteries had been plundered
Learning had been abandoned
Around 900 a spiritual revival began in the church—began THE AGE OF FAITH
The power and the authority of the church had bee restored and expanded

3. Problems in the Church Some church officials were incompetent
*couldn’t read prayers *immoral
*concerned with politics not spirituality
Main concerns of the church reformers:
Priests who were married with families
Simony (bishops selling positions in the church)
Lay investitures (kings appointing bishops)

4. Reform and Church Organization
Reform began with the outlawing of simony and the marriage of priests
The structure changed and the Church became similar to a kingdom
Pope was at the top
Pope’s advisors (papal Curia) below him
Canon law was enforced by the Curia who also served as a court
Diplomats served on behalf of the pope throughout Europe (gave pope authority)
Taxes were collected from all Christians in the form of tithes (one-tenth of your yearly income)

5. New Religious Orders
Friars began spreading Church ideas, preaching, and forming new orders
The Dominicans—est. by Dominic, a Spanish priest. Big on education and studying
The Franciscans—est. by Francis of Assisi (Italian). Believed all creatures are spiritual
Poor Clares—est. by Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi. Was the Franciscan order for women
Hildegard of Bingen (German) founded a Benedictine convent

6. Cathedrals—Cities of God
Cathedrals were built and decorated to represent the glory of God
The style of churches evolved from Romanesque to Gothic architecture
Romanesque-round arches, pillars, dark
Gothic-lots of light through stain glassed windows, vaults pointing upward, pointed arches, tall spires

7. Notre Dame— Paris, France

8. Chartres Cathedral, France

9. The Crusades
Crusades were a series of attempts to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims (the infidels or nonbelievers)
Pope Urban II agrees to help Alexius I
Why? Gives him the chance to provide papal leadership
Calls on Christians to take up arms in a holy war
“God wills it” is their battle cry
Warriors came from western Europe—especially France.
Why? Belief in the cause, like to fight, sense of adventure, opportunity to gain territory, riches, or a title

10. Goals of the Crusades Religious Social Economic
Regain the Holy Land (Palestine)
Stop Muslim advancement
Reunite Christendom
Social
End warring knights who disrupted peace in the kingdom and church property
Gave land, societal rank, and adventure to younger sons
Economic
Merchants made money financing journeys and leasing out ships
Potential to gain control of trade routes

11. Early Crusades First Crusade
Huge turnout of Crusaders who had been promised a place in heaven if they died in battle
The army was comprised of several thousand cavalry and ten thousand infantry—lacked a real plan or leader
Moved down the Palestine Coast
Jerusalem, the Holy City, was taken by Christians in 1099 but resulted in a massacre of the inhabitants.
By the 1140s the Muslims were striking back.
Saladin overtook Jerusalem in 1187 for Muslim forces

12. 3rd Crusade— “Crusade of Kings”
2nd Crusade—fail
3rd Crusade— “Crusade of Kings”
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England
Philip II Augustus, King of France
Richard negotiated a settlement with Saladin
Muslims maintain control of Jerusalem
Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem’s holy places

13. Later Crusades
4th Crusade—initiated by Pope Innocent III
Not terribly successful—never got to the Holy Land, just looted Constantinople
Crusades 5-8 were also unsuccessful—try to take Egypt first but that didn’t work
Children’s Crusade—led by 12 y/o Stephen of Cloyes.
30,000 under 18 joined; no weapons, just faith; died from starvation, cold or drowning. Some sold into slavery;
A Spanish Crusade—Reconquista was the effort by the Spanish to drive out the Muslims from Spain; led to the Inquisition which was a court that sought to punish heretics.

14. Effects of the Crusades
Ends feudalism
Nobles sell estates and serfs to pay debts
Gives women a chance manage affairs at home
Strengthens monarchs and weakens the pope
Byzantine Empire fell
Expands trade between Europe and Southwest Asia—leads to cultural exposure and blending
Legacy of hatred between Christians and Muslims