1. The Age of Jackson

2. …so the House of Representatives decided who was President
Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but did not win the electoral majority and there was no clear winner…
…so the House of Representatives decided who was President

3. The “Corrupt Bargain”
Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, convinced members of the House to choose John Quincy Adams over Jackson
J.Q. Adams later appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State

4. Two Parties Emerge… Again
Democrats
Supporters:
“Jacksonians”- supporters of Jackson
Lower class- “common man”
The Whig Party
Industry/Big Business
Upper class

5. John Quincy Adam’s Presidency
6th President
Not very effective

6. Expansion of the Vote: The White Man’s Democracy
States eased voting requirements making it easier for people to vote and allowing more people to vote by getting rid of property requirements
,000 people voted
,000,000+ people voted
Women and African Americans still unable to vote

7. Election of 1828
Candidates had to speak to the concerns of ordinary people
During Jackson’s campaign, he made Adams look like a stuck up intellectual
He made himself look humble and down-to-earth
Earned him the nickname the “Common Man President”

8. 1828 Election
Adams ran as Republican
Jackson ran as Democrat

9. Jacksonian Democracy
Political philosophy shared by Andrew Jackson and his supporters
Universal male suffrage = all white men can vote
Believed in a stronger executive branch, weaker Congress
Spoils System

10. Jackson’s Spoils System
“To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy”
Incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends
Jackson fired nearly 10% of federal employees and gave their jobs to loyal Jacksonians

11. Native American Relations
The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw tribes had begun to accept and adopt white culture
Were referred to as the “five civilized tribes”
However, they lived in large areas of Georgia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi

12. Indian Removal Act of 1830
Forced thousands of Native Americans to leave their homelands in the South and re-settle west of the Mississippi River
Most tribes reluctantly agreed

13. The Cherokee Fight Back
Cherokee tried to appeal to the Supreme Court
Justice John Marshall refused to hear the case because the Cherokee were not citizens

14. Worcester v. Georgia Samuel Worcester defended the Cherokee
Cherokee won recognition as a distinct political community and the court ruled that Georgia was not entitled to regulate the Cherokee or their lands

15. “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”

16. The Trail of Tears The forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe in 1838
Sent in groups on 800 mile journey to new territory in October and November
Government officials and bandits stole their money and livestock along the way
Buried more than ¼ of their people along the way
Ended up on land that was not as good as what they had been forced to leave

17. The Nullification Crisis
States’ Rights???
President
Jackson
Vice President
John C. Calhoun

18. Tariffs Cause Problems
Tariff of 1816, that southern states had agreed to, had increased in 1824 and 1828
From the point of view of the South, the North was getting rich at their expense
South Carolina was especially hard hit by effects of the tariff increases
Federal tariffs raised prices for Southerners and made the North rich so tensions increased between the two regions.

19. The Nullification Theory
The Vice President, John C. Calhoun, who was from S.C. argued that states should have the right to nullify a federal law they felt was unconstitutional
If the federal government refused to allow a state to nullify a federal law, that state should have the right to withdraw from the Union
Calhoun ended up resigning as VP

20. South Carolina Rebels In1832 another tariff increase was passed
South Carolina legislators declared the tariff “unauthorized by the Constitution” and “null and void”
They threatened to secede from the Union if customs officials tried to enforce the tariff

21. Jackson Attempts to Shut South Carolina Down
Declared S.C.’s actions treasonous
Persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill in 1833
Allowed the Federal government to use the Army and Navy against S.C. if state authorities did not allow customs officials to collect the tariffs

22. Henry Clay Saves the Day!
Proposed a compromise: a revised law that gradually lowered tariffs over a ten-year period
The crisis was resovled but this issue of states’ rights would arise again as a major issue of the Civil War

23. The Whig Party Gains Momentum
Jackson's strong personality and controversial ways led to increased participation in the Whig Party
In Great Britain, the Whigs were the party opposed to a strong monarch.
By calling themselves Whigs, Jackson's enemies labeled him a king.