1. Cellular Energy Part 2: Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic and Aerobic

2. REVIEW Energy is transferred between living things in a food chain
This occurs by the Process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS and CELLULAR RESPIRATION
6CO H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO H2O
Identify each chemical equation and explain how they are connected to each other.
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
The products of photosynthesis become the reactants of cellular respiration and vise versa.
REVIEW

3. Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6 Takes place in the chloroplast Takes in Light energy and converts it to chemical energy (ATP) Final Product is a carbohydrate (used for energy) and Oxygen gas

4. Cellular Energy All Cells need energy
Energy for the cell comes in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Cells use energy to perform ________.
REPRODUCTION
EAT
GROWTH
HOMEOSTASIS

5. Food supplies cells with raw materials (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Food provides the energy needed to make ATP
The amount of energy a food source can supply to a cell is recorded as a cALORIE.
calorie- amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water, 1 degree Celsius.
Food Calories are spelled using a capital “C” because they represent 1000 calories.
Why do we eat?

6. Cellular Respiration- the making of energy (ATP)
Two Part Series:
Anaerobic Respiration:
C6H12O6  Acid Products + 2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration:
C6H12O O2  6H2O + 6 CO2 + 36ATP
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Alcoholic
Fermentation
IT MAKES ALL THE DIFFERENCE!

7. Cellular Respiration- 3 steps
1. Glycolysis- breaking down of glucose. Releases only a small amount of ATP. Takes place in the cytoplasm (for all cells) 2. Krebs Cycle- energy extracting cycle. Takes place in the mitochondria 3. Electron Transport Chain- super energy producer. Takes place in the mitochondria. The process that breaks down a glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen to make energy for the cell (ATP)

8. Cellular Respiration

9. Moving electrons in respiration
like $$ in the bank
Electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around
NAD+  NADH
FAD+2  FADH2
reducing power! P O– O –O C
NH2 N+ H
adenine
ribose sugar
phosphates
NAD+
nicotinamide
Vitamin B3
niacin
NADH P O– O –O C
NH2 N+ H H + H
reduction
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) — and its relative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which you will meet in photosynthesis — are two of the most important coenzymes in the cell.
In cells, most oxidations are accomplished by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Both of these coenzymes play crucial roles in this.
Nicotinamide is also known as Vitamin B3 is believed to cause improvements in energy production due to its role as a precursor of NAD (nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide), an important molecule involved in energy metabolism. Increasing nicotinamide concentrations increase the available NAD molecules that can take part in energy metabolism, thus increasing the amount of energy available in the cell.
Vitamin B3 can be found in various meats, peanuts, and sunflower seeds. Nicotinamide is the biologically active form of niacin (also known as nicotinic acid).
FAD is built from riboflavin — also known as Vitamin B2. Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that is found naturally in organ meats (liver, kidney, and heart) and certain plants such as almonds, mushrooms, whole grain, soybeans, and green leafy vegetables. FAD is a coenzyme critical for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy.
oxidation

10. Glycolysis
Glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
2ATP
Glucose (6-C) is broken down by an enzyme. It forms 2 units of PYRUVIC ACID (3-C unit), 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
2 ATP are supplied to the reaction and 4 ATP are produced
2ADP
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
NADH
Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C

11. Fermentation
If Oxygen is NOT present then the pyruvic acid will undergo FERMENTATION to form Lactic Acid or Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) and CO2
If Oxygen is present the pyruvate are moved to the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle

12. Fermentation in the Real World
This type of fermentation takes place is muscle cells when they perform rapid exercise in the ABSENCE of OXYGEN
Lactic Acid builds up in the muscle and causes cramps and soreness
Alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and CO2 that causes bread to rise
Lactic Acid
Ethanol

13. Aerobic Respiration-in the presence of O2
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
High energy electrons that have been collected by NADH and FADH2 now pass down the ETC to liberate LOTS of energy in the form of ATP.
Each Pyruvic Acid moves into the mitochondria and takes a turn in the Krebs Cycle
Aerobic Respiration-in the presence of O2

14. Krebs Cycle Pyruvic Acid (C-C-C) moves into the Mitochondria
A Carbon is removed and a new molecule Acetyl CoA is formed (C-C). The 3rd carbon becomes CO2. A NADH is also formed*Each time a C is removed it will become CO2
Acetyl CoA (2-C) is picked up by a 4-C compound.
The newly formed 6-C compound now loses a C in the form of CO2 and a NADH is made. It is now a 5-C unit.
Another C is removed and forms CO2, a NADH and ATP are made. A 4-C unit remains.
The 4-C is rearranged, this produces a NADH and an FADH2. The newly formed 4-C is ready to pick up another Acetyl CoA and start all over.

15. Krebs Cycle 1 2 3 6 4 5

16. Recap of Krebs Cycle 3 CO2 molecules 4 NADH molecules 1 ATP 1 FADH2
Products
What Happens next?
3 CO2 molecules
4 NADH molecules
1 ATP
1 FADH2
2 pyruvic acids are made so multiply this by 2 =
6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 ATP, FADH2
The NADH and the FADH2 will be moved to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the high energy e- they carry will be removed and go to the Electron Transport Chain to make 32 ATP

17. Electron Transport Chain
High energy electrons are removed from their carriers, NADH and FADH2 (remember H is carrying the e-)
The e- move from one protein to the next releasing energy (ETC) meanwhile the H+ (newly formed when it loses its e-) is passed through the membrane
H+ powers an enzyme called ATP synthase that produces the 32 ATP of the Electron Transport Chain
Finally, the e- are passed to O2 and the Oxygen combines with the H+ to form Water.

18. Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthase3 2 2 4 1

19. ATP Total Count

20. Energy and Exercise
Quick Energy- Cells have a small storage of ATP that is quickly used in responses to sudden danger or the start of the 100m sprint. Once the stored ATP is used the muscles then revert to producing ATP by means of Lactic Acid fermentation.(90 sec spurts of energy)
Long term energy- endurance exercises (1-2 mile race) Uses a molecule called Glygogen to slowly release ATP through cellular respiration. Usually last up to 20 min. After 20 minuetes the body must find another source such as fats for energy.

21. Make 5 TIC TAC TOE sentences
Electron Transport Chain
ATP
Glucose
CO2
NADH
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Mitochondria