1. Pulmonary Ventilation
Dr amna tahir

2. Learning outcomes
At the end of this lecture you are able to get the idea of
Pulmonary ventilation
introduction of different pressure that normally involved \changed in normal respiration
Muscles and movements related to respiration
Alveolar ventilation
DEAD SPACE, its types ,advantages and disadvantages

3. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

6. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

8. Respiratory Zone Figure 16.3 (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

9. Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 16.5a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

10. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

12. PULMONARY VENTILATION: MECHANISM
1/18/2019
Pressure gradients are established by changes in the size of the thoracic cavity that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles (Figures 24-4 and 24-5)
Boyle’s law: the volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature
Inspiration: contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals produces inspiration; as they contract, the thoracic cavity becomes larger (Figures 24-6 and 24-7)
Expansion of the thorax results in decreased intrapleural pressure, leading to decreased alveolar pressure
Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
Compliance: ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, thus making inspiration possible

15. Chest Wall and Pleural Sac
Figure 16.7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

16. Pulmonary Pressures Figure 16.8a–b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

20. 1/18/2019

21. 1/18/2019

22. 1/18/2019

23. 1/18/2019

24. 1/18/2019

25. Volume and Pressure Changes
Figure 16.13
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

26. Spirometry
Figure 16.15
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

27. 1/18/2019

28. Minute Ventilation
Total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute
Minute ventilation = VT x RR
Normal respiration rate = 12 breaths/min
Normal VT = 500 mL
Normal minute ventilation =
500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

29. Dead Space and Ventilation
Fresh air
“Old air”
Alveolus
Conducting
zone
(anatomical
dead space)
Expiration
Inspiration
Exchange with blood
CO2 O2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 16.17
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

30. Alveolar Ventilation
Volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute
Alveolar ventilation =
(VT x RR) – (DSV x RR)
Normal = 4200 mL/min
(500 mL/br x 12 br/min) – (150 mL/br X 12 br/min)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

31. Respiratory Rate and Ventilation
Table 16.1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

32. Definitions of Dead Space
Anatomic Dead Space
Physiologic Dead Space
Low Blood Flow
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.

34. Thank you