1. Mass Politics and Imperial Domination
World Supremacy
Mass Politics and Imperial Domination

2. Demands for Democracy
During the 1870s and 1880s democracy became replete in Europe and with it grew the number of voters
Three significant developments became entwined with demands for democracy.
Public Education
Popular Journalism
Political Campaigns

3. Public Education
many governments established systems of free education.
provide citizens with skills and discipline
create more patriotic citizens

4. Popular Journalism newspapers became cheaper and more influential
Used attention grabbing headlines and columns
Catered to newly educated people who craved news.

5. Political Campaigns mass politics = catering towards the new voters
campaigning became a necessary thing to survive in a democratic gov’t.
rallies, census bureaus, & speeches

6. Liberal Democracy in the West
Great Britain began the second half of the nineteenth century in a strong, stable position.
Liberalism = stressing little governmental involvement in economic and social affairs
low taxes
free trade
public education

7. Two-Party Democracy - Queen Victoria adored him
Tory Party – Conservatives
- led by Benjamin Disraeli
- Queen Victoria adored him
Whig Party – Liberal
- led by William Gladstone
- Queen Victoria disliked him

8. The Reform Bill of 1867
Extended the vote to male “heads of households.”
Large number of male working-class voters added to the electorate.
aided labour unions through laws
Voters increased about one million

9. William Gladstone 1868-1874 and 1880-1886 Education Act 1870
Ballot Act of 1872
Irish Home Rule
Reform Bill of 1884

10. Benjamin Disraeli 1874-1880 Conservative Social Reform
Public Health Act of 1875
Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875

11. Paris Commune
In March of 1871, several socialists formed a commune and stormed Paris.
Separated Paris from the rest of France
Not happy with the National Assembly.

15. Political Struggle The Paris Commune did not last long.
National Assembly took over and politically France was spilt.
- Monarchists
- Republicans
- Socialists
Adolphe Thiers became the acting president in 1871.

16. The Third Republic
The majority of the Assembly favored monarchy, but disagreed over dynasty.
Bourbon: Comte de Chambord
Orleans: Comte de Paris
: Assembly voted on a Republic with a president, a two-chamber parliament, and council of ministers, headed by a premier.

17. Republicanism
Adolphe Thiers and Leon Gambetta, although largely different political goals helped secure the Republic
: President Marshall MacMahon.

18. De Lesseps Scandal
Began to build the Panama Canal in but the terrain and climate differed greatly.
Company bribed government employees, but went bankrupt.

19. Boulanger Affair
1886 – General Georges gave speeches about recapturing Alsace and Lorraine.
Elected Chamber of Deputies 1889, but was threatened with treason.

20. The Dreyfus Affair Alfred Dreyfus 1859-1935
accused of selling military secrets to Germany
Anti-Semitism in Europe

21. Conspiracy
In 1896, Lt. Col. Picquart discovered that the handwriting was not Dreyfus’ but a major in the French Military F. Esterhazy.
Another trial and despite the evidence, Esterhazy found innocent, Dreyfus further accused.
Information continues to leak, splits country
Radicals vs. Conservatives

22. Stages of the 3rd Republic
1st Stage: Monarchist Republic
2nd Stage: Opportunist Republic
3rd Stage: Radical Republic

23. Politics of the Extremes
Political Spectrum widened in the late nineteenth century.
Extreme Left: stood unions, socialists, and anarchists.
Extreme Right: were conservative ultra- nationalists and anti-semites
Women: still outside the political specter but posing a voice across Europe.

24. The Labor Force
Industrial expansion wrought further changes in the life of the labor force.
By 1890, factory wage earners dominated the work force.
unskilled work

25. New Ideology
Post 1848, workers found a new way to voice their concerns.
Trade Unions
Democratic Political Parties
Socialism

26. Trade Unions Organized labor would unify to protect workers rights.
British Labour Party
Salaries, Hours, and Benefits

27. Democratic Process
Most European States had developed a democratic system by the late 19th century.
Voting Rights - expansion of the electorate.
Workers now had a voice in the government - social and cultural shift.

28. Systems at Work
Great Britain - 2nd Great Reform Bill and the 3rd in 1884
Germany - Bismarck brought universal male suffrage in 1871
France - 3rd Republic was democratically elected.
Laborers became the target to the system because they could vote.

29. Marxism Revisited
What made Marxism so attractive was how accurately he predicted the disintegration of capitalism
First International
Paris Commune
Marxism was a “scientific socialism”

30. Fabianism Non-Marxist British Socialism
Founded in 1884 and named for a Roman General who fought in the Punic Wars.
Taft Valle Act which help create the Labour Party.
Early Welfare Programs

32. French Opportunism
Second International formed in debated the issue of ‘opportunism’
France condemned it and ordered one united Socialism Party
Socialism continued to be an important aspect of the 3rd Republic

33. Germany Marxist socialism was very much alive in Germany.
In 1875 Social Democratic Party was founded by Ferdinand Lasalle and Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Bismarck continued an anti socialist campaign.

35. Socialist Democrats
Wilhelm II forced Bismarck’s resignation in 1889 and became more favorable to the socialist program
Erfurt Program of 1891
Eduard Bernstein “Revisionism” of the Marxist Program.
Critique of Orthodox Marxism

36. New Imperialism Invest capital in a less industrialized country.
- railroads, bridges, harbors, etc
The “Spheres of Influence”
- Heart of Darkness J. Conrad

37. The British Empire

38. Motives for New Imperialism
Various Interpretations
Economics
Cultural, Religious, and Social
Political - The Scramble for Africa

39. Causes of Imperialism Search for markets and raw materials.
Missionaries
Military and naval bases
Ideology - Social Darwinism

44. Questions???
How does the race for Africa in the 1880s foreshadow the events of World War I?
Did any good come from Imperialism?

45. Next Week
Explain the paradox of progress that occurred in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century.