1. Applied Ethics – Animals Recap
Utilitarianism
Kantian Ethics
Virtue Ethics

2. Applied Ethics – Objections to Singer + Responses
Animals eat each other so why don’t we eat them?
Ethics is a contract between people for mutual benefits. (On this view animals cannot reciprocate and are therefore outside the limits of the ethical contract.)
Human beings are overwhelmingly superior to animals and the principle of equality does not apply. (E.g. we can reason, appreciate and create beauty, write music, use language and technology, and make moral decisions.)

3. Applied Ethics – Objections to Kant
What Kant’s theory brutally boils down to is that, were you to poison your neighbour’s cat with weed-killer, so that it dies in agony, this is no worse, morally speaking, than pouring weed-killer on his lawn and ruining the grass, because these are equally his property, and painful consequences are not morally relevant.
Kant admits that we should not torture animals pointlessly, but the reason, he insists, is only that:
“He who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men.”

4. Applied Ethics – Objections to Virtue Ethics
Hursthouse - As a result, if we support experimentation we are not being compassionate, we are once more practicing cruelty and licentiousness (deficiency of temperance).

5. Applied Ethics - Lying
Summarise what Utilitarians have to say about lying. Be careful to distinguish between Act, Weak Rule / Hard Rule and Preference Utilitarianism. Make sure you include their justification.
Why might we say that lying has an “in built” negative outcome, so truth telling should be the standard position?
What does Kant have to say about lying? What is his reasoning?
How could we allow lying under the Universal Law formulation?
How have some philosophers justified lying using the humanity formulation?
What does Virtue Ethics say about lying?
Why might honesty play a part in our development towards Eudaimonia?

6. Applied Ethics – Lying - UT
Act Utilitarians:
Rule Utilitarians:
Preference Utilitarians:

7. Applied Ethics – Lying - Kant
Kant’s Standard Position:
Lying and the Universal Law:
Lying and Humanity:

8. Applied Ethics – Lying – Virtue Ethics