1. Separating mixtures
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2. Filtration:
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3. Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 143
Separates small insoluble solids from a liquid, e.g., sand & water, soil & water
Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 143
Filter paper catches the solid and lets the liquid pass through
Residue = solid left on filter paper
Filtrate = liquid that passes through
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4. Evaporation:
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5. Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 144
Separates soluble solids from a liquid, e.g., salt & water, sugar & water
Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 144
The steam from boiling water heats the clock glass causing the liquid to evaporate, leaving the solid behind as crystals
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6. Distillation:
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7. Alcohol boils at 78oC, water at 100oC
Separates two liquids that have different boiling points from each other, e.g., alcohol & water
Alcohol boils at 78oC, water at 100oC
Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 144
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8. Distillate = condensed liquid collected in beaker
The liquid with the lower bp evaporates first, passes through the Liebig condenser, is cooled & collected in a beaker, leaving the other liquid in the flask
Distillate = condensed liquid collected in beaker
Distillation can also separate soluble solids from liquids
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9. Chromatography:
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10. Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 145
Separates a mixture of dissolved substances in a solution, e.g., inks, food dyes
Set up apparatus as in diagram pg 145
Spot of sample placed on line at bottom of chromatography paper & as solvent moves up paper the sample is separated
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11. Each colour appears as a spot above the original sample spot
The most soluble substance travels the furthest up the paper
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