1. Chapter 1: As American as apple pie
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

2. Origins of Violence Violence Unity of human aggression Aggression
Aggressive and/or harmful behavior
Unity of human aggression
All violence is connected by a web of actions and behaviors.
All violent acts share a number of essential characteristics.
By and large, perpetrators rely on similar justifications for their violent acts.
Aggression
Behavior that is physically and/or psychologically harmful
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

3. Justifications for Violence
“Righteous slaughter”
Humiliationrage
Retaliation or defense of values or principles
Spillover theory
Values and justifications for violence in socially approved settings “spill over” into other settings and result in illegitimate forms of violence
Ex: DEATH PENALTY
Brutalization hypothesis
Desensitized killings by the state devalue human life and lead to increased collective tolerance of lethal behavior
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

4. Embracing Violence Culture Subcultures of violence
Values, beliefs, and rules of behavior
Dictates what is expected and prohibited
Subcultures of violence
Members of particular groups are prone to violence because of values and beliefs imbedded in their cultures
Example: gang violence, Ku Klux Klan activity
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

5. Embracing Violence
Ray Rice, who was indefinitely suspended by the NFL after a video portrayed him punching and knocking out his then fiancé (now wife),
Janay Rice, in an Atlantic City elevator.
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

6. Defining Violence Complexities of defining violence
Varied actions and contexts
Individual perceptions and understandings
Legitimacy of aggression
Highly situational, contingent, and contextual
Victim
Offender
Nature of violence
Locational of violence
Rationale for violence
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

7. Social Distance
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

8. Defining Violence
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

9. Defining Aggression
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

10. Classifications of Violence
Expressive vs. instrumental
Expressive: emotionally-motivated violent behavior
Instrumental: violence as a means to an end
Interpersonal
Assaults, rapes, robberies, and murders
Institutional
Violent behaviors perpetrated in an organizational setting
Structural
Discriminatory social arrangements that can be construed as violent; social inequality
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

11. Measuring Violence Reports to law enforcement Victimization surveys
Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR)
Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR)
National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Victimization surveys
National Victimization Survey (NCVS)
National Youth Survey (NYS)
Varied strengths and weaknesses of each data source
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

12. Violence in U.S. Society
Data indicate that the impact of violence on society is immense
Individual level avoidance strategies steer everyday behavior
“Get Tough” legislation
Centuries of warfare
Media replete with depictions of violence
Entertainment and gaming consoles
Everyone knows a victim
At least in part, our identities are often shaped by violence
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

13. Violent Crime Rates, 1993-2014, NCVS
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

14. Murder Rates per 100,000 by Country, 2004
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

15. Organization of the Book
Chapter 2 – Explaining Violence
Chapter 3 – Aiding and Abetting Violence
Chapter 4 – Assault and Homicide
Chapter 5 – Violence in the Home
Chapter 6 – Stranger Danger
Chapter 7 – Rape and Sexual Assault
Chapter 8 – Mob Violence
Chapter 9 – Terrorism
Chapter 10 – Genocide
Chapter 11 – Toward Violence Protection
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

16. Open-Access Student Resources
· SAGE journal articles
· Multimedia resources
and more at study.sagepub.com/alvarez3e
Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
© 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.