1. Results of the Crusades
Failures
Jerusalem was in Moslem hands
Christian pilgrims became fewer and more fearful than ever
The Moslem powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack
The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions, avarice, and internal dissension
The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined and the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church widened

2. Results of the Crusades
Failures
Moslem civilization had been victorious over Christian civilization
Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the middle between Crusaders and Moslems, and many who were outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders or who wanted to avoid persecution by Moslem leaders who saw them as collaborators with the Crusaders converted to Islam
In fact, the Crusades ironically proved instrumental in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly Moslem

3. Results of the Crusades
Successes
Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their lands and many found new opportunities
The Turkish capture of Constantinople was delayed until 1453
The Moslems, even though victorious, had themselves been weakened, and fell more easily when the Mongols attacked
Trade and exploration were enhanced

4. Trade
Italian traders obviously benefited from supplying the Crusades while they were going on, but they also saw an opportunity to expand their market by establishing direct trade with the Moslem world
The lucrative trade provided great profit to the Italian city-states and ultimately provided the economic basis for the Italian Renaissance we’ll discuss in Lesson 24
Lorenzo de Medici was part of a family that ruled Florence and served as bankers for the Crusades and patrons of the Renaissance

5. Egyptian scarf or garment fragment ca 1395
Trade
The most important trade item were spices
Other items included cotton, linen, dates, coral, pearls, porcelain, silk, and metal goods
Damascus was a key center for industry and commerce and a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Mecca
Egyptian scarf or garment fragment ca 1395

6. Trade
European Christians also became exposed to new ideas as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin
The works of Aristotle
Islamic science and astronomy
“Arabic” numerals which the Moslems had borrowed from India
Techniques for paper production which the Moslems had learned from China
While the Crusades may have largely failed as military adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of western Europe into the larger economy of the western hemisphere

7. The Reconquista of Spain
The Christians did have better success wresting Sicily and Spain from the Moslems in actions separate from the Crusades
Sicily was regained relatively easily
Moslems had conquered it in the 9th Century but in the 1090, after about 20 years of fighting, Norman warriors returned it to Christian hands
Spain would be a bit more of a challenge

8. The Reconquista of Spain
Moslems invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th Century and ruled all but small Christian states such as Catalonia
In the 1060s Christians began attacking outward from these toeholds

9. The Reconquista of Spain
By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over half the peninsula
These successes lured reinforcements from England and France and a new round of campaigning in the 13th Century brought all but Granada into Christian hands
In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the Reconquista was complete

10. Immediate Impact of the Reconquista
After the successful Reconquista, the devoutly Christian rulers of Spain and Portugal were eager to dominate the Islamic states in North Africa and to convert non-Christians
The desire to spread Christianity would be one of the motives for the European explorations we’ll discuss in Lesson 25
1492 was the year of both the completion of the Reconquista and Columbus’ voyage to the New World

11. Next
Long-distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network