1. Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Chapter 40
Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

2. Overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
___________________: the study of the biological form (____________________) of an organism
___________________: : the study of the biological (____________________) an organism performs
Structure dictates function!
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. How does a jackrabbit keep from overheating?
Figure 40.1
Figure 40.1 How does a jackrabbit keep from overheating? 3

4. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment
Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Four main types of tissues:
____________: covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
____________: : binds and supports other tissues (cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, blood, adipose)
____________: : controls body movement (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
____________: : senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal (neurons, glia)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. List locations of Epithelial Tissues in Animals
________________________

8. List types of Connective Tissues in Animals
________________________

9. List Types & Location of Muscle Tissues in Animals
_______________________________

10. List Types of Nervous Tissues in Animals

11. Coordination and Control Within a Body
______________________________: transmits chemical signals (_________________) to receptive cells throughout body via __________
Slow acting, long-lasting effects
______________________________: : neurons transmit info between specific locations
Very _________!
Info received by: ______________, _______________, _______________ cells
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Homeostasis
Maintain a “steady state” or ______________ ____________regardless of external environment
Fluctuations above/below a ________________ serve as a _______________; these are detected by a ____________ and trigger a _____________
The response returns the variable to the set point
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. ANALOGY

16. Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
“More gets you _______.”
Return changing conditions _______ to set point
Examples:
__________________
Blood _____________
Blood ____
Plants: response to water limitations
“More gets you ______.”
Response moves variable ____________________ set point
Stimulus amplifies a response
Examples:
______________ in mammals
Onset of ________ in childbirth
Plants: _____________
Amoeba Sisters: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

17. Thermoregulation
Maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
_____________________ animals generate heat by ____________________ (birds and mammals)
_____________________ animals gain heat from external sources (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles)
Q: Which is more active at greater temperature variations?
Q: Which requires more energy?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Balancing Heat Loss and Gain
Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Five adaptations for thermoregulation:
_________________ (skin, feather, fur, blubber)
___________________ adaptations (countercurrent exchange)
Cooling by evaporative heat loss (_________)
______________ responses (______________)
Adjusting metabolic _______ production (“antifreeze”)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Figure 40.12
Figure Countercurrent heat exchangers. 20

21. Figure 40.16
Figure The thermostatic function of the hypothalamus in human thermoregulation. 21

22. Energy Use
________________________: amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
_________________________(BMR): __________________ at ______ at a “comfortable” temperature
__________________________(SMR): _____________ at rest at a ___________________ temperature
Ectotherms have much ____________ metabolic rates than endotherms of a comparable size
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Figure 40.19
Figure The relationship of metabolic rate to body size. 23

24. Torpor and Energy Conservation
Torpor is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism __________________
Save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions
____________________: torpor during winter cold and food scarcity
____________________: : summer torpor, survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.