1. THE COLD WAR
UNIT 8 Chapter 26 – The Cold War Chapter 29 – The Kennedy & Johnson Years

2. Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960)
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Korean War
Section 4: The Continuing Cold War

3. Presidents of the United States
George Washington; Federalist (1788)
John Adams; Federalist (1796)
Thomas Jefferson (1800)
James Madison (1808)
James Monroe (1816)
John Quincy Adams (1824)
Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)
Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)
William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)
John Tyler; Whig (1841)
James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)
Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)
Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)
Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)
James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)
Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)
Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)
Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)
Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)
James Garfield; Republican (1880)
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Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)
Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)
William McKinley; Republican (1896)
Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)
William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)
Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)
Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)
Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)
Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)
Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)
Harry S. Truman; Democrat (1945)
Dwight D. Eisenhower; Republican (1952)
John F. Kennedy; Democrat (1960)
Lyndon B. Johnson; Democrat (1963)

4. OBJECTIVES
CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the origins of the Cold War and evaluate the presidential foreign policies during the Cold War.
Objective 8.2: How did the goals of containment influence events in the late 1940’s?

5. THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
CHAPTER 26 SECTION 2

6. THE MARSHALL PLAN
The United States wanted to help European nations, recover from the war, and become economically strong democracies.
It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe.
The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals.
Nations design recovery programs and would receive financial aid from the U.S.
Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan, receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.
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7. THE DIVISION OF GERMANY

8. The Berlin Airlift
As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist).
In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany
This created a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.
In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which delivered tons of food and supplies to West Berlin via air.
Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.
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9. THE DIVISION OF GERMANY

10. NATO
Why create a treaty organization?
Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems.
The United States sought to avoid the problems of post–World War I isolationism.
The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A Canadian role in the treaty organization would be vital.
What was NATO?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949.
In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle known as collective security.
In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.
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11. AMERICAN FEARS
The Soviet Atomic Threat
Increasing American fears: In September 1949, the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb
In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful hydrogen bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading nuclear power.
The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a nuclear attack; this information was ridiculed by experts.
Duck and Cover (1951)
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China Falls to the Communists
During World War II, competing factions in China had cooperated, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war.
At first, the United States supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao Zedong. However, the United States later decided to focus on Western Europe instead.
Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a Communist state in China as a failure of Truman’s policies.
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12. HUAC
During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of suspicion in the United States.
Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal employees.
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating Hollywood personalities who had Communist leanings.
One group, known as the Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions and was imprisoned.
Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired.
Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed subversive.
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13. SPIES
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Further cases and investigations created a second Red Scare, or another wave of intense fear of communism
How to spot a communist:
Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States were sharing American secrets with foreign Communists.
These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
Alger Hiss was a former government employee sent to prison for four years for lying to a federal grand jury on espionage. (1950)
The Rosenbergs were executed for being communist spies in 1953; these spy cases helped create a culture of fear and suspicion

14. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Describe a way in which the Cold War increased fear and paranoia at home?
U.S. hydrogen bomb development
“Duck and Cover” education by Federal Civil Defense Admin.
HUAC
Spy cases of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs

15. The Cold War Heats Up Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.

16. The Cold War Heats Up Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.