2. Textbook and Syllabus Textbook: Syllabus:
System Modeling and Identification
Textbook and Syllabus
Textbook:
“Process Modelling, Identification, and Control”, Jan Mikles, Miroslav Fikar, Springer, 2007.
Syllabus:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Mathematical Modeling of Processes
Chapter 3: Analysis of Process Models
Chapter 4: Dynamical Behavior of Processes
Chapter 5: Discrete-Time Process Models
Chapter 6: Process Identification

3. Grade Policy Final Grade = Academic + 9 Values + Extra Points
System Modeling and Identification
Grade Policy
Final Grade = Academic + 9 Values + Extra Points
Academic = 5% Notes + 10% Homework + 16% Quizzes % Midterm Exam + 34% Final Exam
9 Values = 6% Peer-Review + 4% Lecturer Assessment
You are expected to write a note along the lectures to record your own conclusions or materials which are not covered by the lecture slides.
Your handwritten note will be collected after Quiz 3, and given back to you on the next class.
Handwritten note contributes 5% of final grade.

4. Heading of Written Homework Papers (Required)
Homeworks will be given in fairly regular basis. The average of homework grades contributes 10% of final grade.
Written homeworks are to be submitted on A4 papers, otherwise they will not be graded.
Homeworks must be submitted on time, on the day of the next lecture, 10 minutes after the class starts. Late submission will be penalized by point deduction of –10·n, where n is the total number of lateness made.
System Modeling and Identification Homework 2 Rudi Bravo March  Date of the lecture when the homework is issued No.1. Answer:
Heading of Written Homework Papers (Required)

5. System Modeling and Identification
Grade Policy
There will be 3 quizzes. Only the best 2 will be counted. The average of quiz grades contributes 16% of final grade
Midterm and final exams follow the schedule released by AAB (Academic Administration Bureau).
Make up of quizzes must be held within one week after the schedule of the respective quiz.
Make up for mid exam and final exam must be requested directly to AAB.

6. System Modeling and Identification
Grade Policy
Extra points will be given if you solve a problem in front of the class. You will earn 1 or 2.
Lecture slides can be copied during class session. It is also available on internet. Please check the course homepage regularly.
You are expected to write a note along the lectures to record your own conclusions or materials which are not covered by the lecture slides.

7. System Modeling and Identification
Chapter 1
Introduction

8. Chapter 1
Introduction
Control
Control is the purposeful influence on an object (process) to ensure the fulfillment of a required objectives.
The objectives can be to satisfy the safety and optimal operation of the technology, the product specifications under constraints of disturbance, process stability, and other technical related matters.
Control systems in the whole consist of technical devices and human factor. Control systems must satisfy:
Disturbance attenuation
Stability guarantee
Optimal process operation

9. Control There are two main methods of control:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Control
There are two main methods of control:
Feedback control, where the information about process output is used to calculate the control (manipulated) signal  process output is fed back to process input
Feedforward control, where the effect of control is not compared with the desired result
Practical control experience confirms the importance of assumptions about dynamical behavior of processes.
This behavior is described using mathematical models of processes, which can be constructed from a physical or chemical nature of processes or can be abstract.

10. Chapter 1
Introduction
Process, System, Model
The purpose of this course is to learn how to model a process, which may have one of these objectives:
Synthesis: Modeling as the fundamentals to influence a process through a controller
Analysis: Modeling as the fundamentals to a deep understanding of the process and further to optimization of the process
Simulation: Modeling as the fundamentals to emulative calculation under a given boundary condition
Process is the entire activities where matter and/or energy are stored, transported, and converted; whereas information is stored, transported, converted, created, or destroyed.
System is a part of a process, which is defined by the user, and has an interconnection with the environment regarding the flow of matter, energy, and information.

11. Chapter 1
Introduction
Process, System, Model
An automobile may represent a process, consisting:
Engine and driveline system
Suspension system
Braking System
Climate control system
The variables of interest depend on the user, i.e., engine technician requires the relation between transmission and speed, while aircon technician wants to know the relation between speed and cooling performance.

12. Chapter 1
Introduction
Process, System, Model
Model is an appropriate description of the flows of a system to its environment, using physical, chemical nature of the system, or using abstract mathematical equations.
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components, and to make predictions about behavior.

13. Process Ti, qi V T To, qo w A simple heat exchanger Inlet Outlet
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Process
A simple heat exchanger
Ti, qi
Inlet
V : volume of liquid in heat exchanger [m3]
q : Volume flow rate [m3/s]
T : Temperature [K]
w : Heat input [W] V T
Outlet
To, qo w
Assumptions:
Ideal mixing
No heat loss
Constant heating rate
Exchanger has no heat capacity
T = To

14. Steady-State A simple heat exchanger Ti, qi V T To, qo w
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Steady-State
A simple heat exchanger
Ti, qi
Inlet
Input variables:
Inlet temperature Ti
Heat input w
Output variables:
Outlet temperature T V T
Outlet
To, qo w
The process is said to be in steady-state if the input and output variables remain constant in time.
The heat balance in the steady-state is of the form:
q : Volume flow rate [m3/s]
ρ : Liquid specific density [kg/m3]
cp : Liquid specific heat capacity [J/(kgK)]

15. Process Control A simple heat exchanger Ti, qi V T To, qo w
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Process Control
A simple heat exchanger
Ti, qi
Inlet
Input variables:
Inlet temperature Ti
Heat input w
Output variables:
Outlet temperature T V T
Outlet
To, qo w
Control of the heat exchanger in this case means to influence the process so that T will be kept close to Tw.
This influence is realized with changes in w, which is called manipulated variable.
A thermometer must be placed on the outlet of the exchanger and we may choose between manual control or automatic control.

16. Dynamical Properties of the Process
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Dynamical Properties of the Process
In the case that the control is realized automatically, the knowledge about process response to changes of input variables is required.
This is the knowledge about dynamical properties of the process, which is the description of the process in unsteady-state.
The heat balance for the heat transfer process in a very short time interval Δt converging to zero is given by:

17. Dynamical Properties of the Process
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Dynamical Properties of the Process
Assuming qi = qo and T = To,
The heat balance in the steady-state may be derived from the last equation, in the case that dT/dt = 0.

18. Feedback Process Control
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Feedback Process Control
In case of choosing an automatic control, the control device performs the control actions which is described in a control law.
The task of a control device is to minimize the difference between Tw and T, which is defined as control error. (Tw is the set point)
Suppose that we choose a controller that will change the heat input proportionally to the control error, the control law can be given as:
We speak about proportional control, and P is called the proportional gain.

19. Feedback Control of the Heat Exchanger
Chapter 1
An Example of Process Control
Feedback Control of the Heat Exchanger
The scheme
The block diagram

20. Mathematical Modeling of Processes
System Modeling and Identification
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes

21. General Principles of Modeling
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes
General Principles of Modeling
A system is expressed through mathematical descriptions.
These descriptions are called “mathematical models.”
The behavior of the system with regard to certain inputs can be characterized by using the mathematical model.
Mathematical models can be divided into three groups, depending on how they are obtained:
Theoretical model, developed using physical, chemical principles/laws
Empirical model, obtained from mathematical analysis of measurement data of the process/ system or through experience
Empirical-theoretical model, obtained from a combination of theoretical and empirical modeling approach

22. General Principles of Modeling
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes
General Principles of Modeling
Theoretical models are derived from the so called “balance equation of conserved quantity” that may include:
Mass balance equation
Energy balance equation
Entropy balance equation
Enthalpy balance equation
Charge balance equation
Heat balance equation
Impulse balance equation
A conserved quantity is a quantity whose total amount is maintained constant and is understood to obey the principle of conservation, which states that such a quantity can be neither created nor destroyed.

23. General Principles of Modeling
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes
General Principles of Modeling
Alternatively, a conserved quantity is one whose total amount remains constant in an isolated system, regardless of what changes occur inside the system.
An isolated system is a hypothetical system that has zero interaction with its surroundings, i.e., zero transfer of material, heat, work, radiation, etc. across the boundary.
The balance equations in an unsteady-state are used to obtain the dynamical model, which is expressed using differential equations.
In most cases, ordinary differential equations are chosen to keep the mathematical model simple.

24. General Principles of Modeling
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes
General Principles of Modeling
Balance equation in integral form:
Balance equation can be written in differential form:
The variable m in the equations above can be mass, energy, entropy, ..., impulse.

25. General Principles of Modeling
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes
General Principles of Modeling
Mass balance in an unsteady-state is given by the law of mass conservation:
ρ, ρi : Specific densities [kg/m3]
V : Volume [m3]
q, qi : Volume flow rates [m3/s]
m : Number of inlets
n : Number of outlets In
Out

26. General Principles of Modeling
Chapter 2
Mathematical Modeling of Processes
General Principles of Modeling
Energy balance follows the general law of energy conservation:
ρ, ρi : Specific densities [kg/m3]
V : Volume [m3]
q, qi : Volume flow rates [m3/s]
cp, cp,i : Specific heat capacities [J/(kgK)
T, Ti : Temperatures [K]
Q : Heat per unit time [W]
m : Number of inlets
n : Number of outlets
s : Number of heat sources and consumptions

27. Single-Tank System qi V h qo
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Single-Tank System
Let us examine a liquid storage system shown below: qi
ρ : Specific densities [kg/m3]
V : Volume [m3]
qi, qo : Volume flow rates [m3/s]
A : Cross-sectional area of the tank [m2]
h : Height of liquid in the tank [m] V h qo
The mass balance for this process yields:
With A and ρ assumed to be constant,

28. Single-Tank System qi V h qo v1
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Single-Tank System
Applying the law of mechanical energy conservation to the liquid near the outlet: qi
v1 : Outlet flow velocity [m/s]
a1 : Cross-sectional area of the outlet pipe [m2] V h qo v1

29. Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Single-Tank System
Inserting q0 = v1a1 into the mass balance equation of the system: or
The initial condition (i.e., the initial height of the liquid) can be arbitrary, h(0) = h0.
The tank will be in steady-state if dh/dt = 0.
For a constant inlet flow rate qi, the steady-state liquid height hs is given by:

30. Simulation of Single-Tank System
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Simulation of Single-Tank System
The dynamic mathematical model of the single-tank system will now be simulated using Matlab Simulink.
a1 = 20 cm2
= 2010–4 m2
= 210–3 m2
A = 2500 cm2
= 250010–4 m2
= 0.25 m2
g = 9.8 m/s2
qi = 5 liters/s
= 510–3 m3/s
tsim = 200 s
Manual calculation of steady-state liquid height yields:

31. Simulation with Matlab-Simulink
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Simulation with Matlab-Simulink
Matlab-Simulink provides the best simulation environment for control engineers.

32. Simulation of Single-Tank System
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Simulation of Single-Tank System
After construction, the Matlab Simulink block diagram is given as:

33. Simulation of Single-Tank System
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Simulation of Single-Tank System
The simulation result, from transient until steady-state, can be observed by clicking the Scope.

34. Impulse and Charge Balance Equations
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Impulse and Charge Balance Equations
The impulse balance equation can be related to Newton’s law by:
The charge balance equation can be related to Kirchhoff's law by:

35. A Two-Mass System: Suspension Model
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
A Two-Mass System: Suspension Model
m1 : mass of the wheel
m2 : mass of the car
x,y : displacements from equilibrium
r : distance to road surface
Equation for m1:
Equation for m2:
Rearranging:

36. A Two-Mass System: Suspension Model
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
A Two-Mass System: Suspension Model
Using the Laplace transform:
to transfer from time domain to frequency domain yields:

37. A Two-Mass System: Suspension Model
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
A Two-Mass System: Suspension Model
Eliminating X(s) yields a transfer function:

38. Bridged Tee Circuit v1 Resistor Inductor Capacitor Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Bridged Tee Circuit v1
Resistor
Inductor
Capacitor

39. RL Circuit Further calculation and eliminating V1, v1 Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
RL Circuit v1
Further calculation and eliminating V1,

40. Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Homework 1
Derive a dynamic mathematical model for the interacting tank-in-series system as shown below. qi h1 h2 a1 a2 qo q1 v1 v2

41. Homework 1A qi2 qi1 hmax h a qo v
Chapter 2
Examples of Dynamic Mathematical Models
Homework 1A
Derive a dynamic mathematical model for the tank with the form of a triangular prism as shown below. v
qi1 qo a
qi2
hmax h
Deadline: Tuesday, 17 January 2017
ρ : Specific densities [kg/m3]
V : Volume of liquid in the tank [m3]
h : Height of liquid in the tank [m]
hmax : Height of the tank [m]
A : Cross-sectional area of the liquid surface [m2]
Amax : Cross-sectional area of the tank at the top [m2]
qi1, qi2 : Volume flow rates of inlets [m3/s]
qo : Volume flow rates of outlet[m3/s]
v : Outlet flow velocity [m/s]
a1 : Cross-sectional area of the outlet pipe [m2]