1. Democratic Challenges in Africa

2. Colonial Rule
The lingering effects of colonialism undermined efforts to build stable democracies.
When the Europeans established colonial boundaries, they ignored ethnic or colonial divisions.
It wasn’t a good idea to just grow 1 or 2 cash crops because there wasn’t a range of products to serve local needs.

3. Colonial Rule
The newly independent nations lacked a skilled, literate work force.
Military dictatorship quickly replaced democracies European powers left in place.

4. Nigeria
The country was ethnically divided which challenged Nigeria’s democracy.
Martial law is a temporary military rule in a nation.
The Nigerian Civil War was meant to reunify the country.

5. Nigeria
Following the Civil War, Nigeria’s economy was based on its oil supplies.
Shortly after the military created a democracy, the military charged it with corruption and took over again.
Nigeria finally elected a new civilian president in 1999.

6. South Africa
South Africa had a racial conflict because of colonial rule.
Apartheid was a complete separation of the races.
75% of the South African population was black but they held little to no power.

7. South Africa
Desmond Tutu helped end apartheid by asking foreign nations not to do business with South Africa.
South Africa held its first universal elections in April 1994.
South Africa’s new constitution was implemented in 1996.