1. Using molecular biology to maximize concurrent training
以分子生物學使
同時耐力與肌力訓練最佳化

2. 早期 (1980之前)的研究 10周 肌力+心肺耐力訓練

3. Previous results
cycling 3 day/week for 50 min at 70 % VO2max NOT impair strength or hypertrophy of concurrent strength training
4 day/week or the intensity > 80 % VO2max, endurance exercise prevents the increase in muscle mass and strength that occurs with strength training
the primary effect of endurance exercise ↓resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy 肌肉生長  ↓ strength 肌力

4. mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in muscle hypertrophy
Baar 2014

5. mTOR pathway

6. Molecular responses after resistance training
resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy is completely dependent on mTOR
mTOR phosphorylation  S6k phosphorylation

7. Molecular response after endurance exercise
endurance adaptations are the result a variety of metabolic signals and molecules
Ca2+, free radicals, AMP, lactate, NAD, hormones
AMP  ↑ AMPK (AMP-activated kinase)
Low glycogen  ↑ mitogen-activated protein kinase p38
lactate and NAD↑ NAD?-dependent deacetylase family of sirtuins (SIRT)
Epinephrine  cAMP  cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)
All ↑ PGC-1alpha

8. Role of PGC-1alpha
PGC-1alpha coregulates the expression of respiratory genes, mitochondrial transcription factor A, GLUT4, fatty acid–oxidation enzymes

9. Role of PCG-1alpha

10. PGC-1alpha and gene expression

11. Review of strength, endurance, and concurrent training effects
Wilson 2012

12. Concurrent effects
upregulation of translation initiation via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway↓ when resistance training is performed after glycogen depleting endurance exercise
moderate intensity endurance exercise immediately acts to ↓ important elongation factors (eef2, responsible for ↑protein synthesis)

13. Running concurrent vs cycling concurrent
Wilson 2012

14. Dose-response relationship (day) of endurance in concurrent training
Wilson 2012

15. Dose-response relationship (min) of endurance in concurrent training
Wilson 2012

16. Concurrent effects
Basal and growth-related protein synthesis is controlled by different mechanism
Not affected by training/concurrent training
ctivated AMPK and CamK phosphorylate histone deacetylases (HDAC) and permit myocyte-enhancing factor (MEF) 2 binding to the promoter of PGC-1alpha.
↑expression of PGC-1alpha

17. Concurrent effects TSC2 can be phosphorylated and activated by AMPK
Activation of TSC2 by AMPK is dominant over PKB-mediated inactivation
leads to the inactivation of mTOR and ↓in the rate of protein synthesis
Concurrent ↑ AMPK activity would ↓hypertrophy after resistance exercise

18. Wilson 2012

19. Conclusions
overall power is the major variable, which is affected by concurrent training.
in sport requires maximal power or rate of force development should limit concurrently training for strength and endurance.
If focus is on maximal strength and hypertrophy, then concurrent training may NOT lead to significant decrements
given the proper modality of endurance training is selected.
Wilson 2012

20. Conclusions
select a modality of endurance exercise that closely mimics their sport to avoid the occurrence of competing adaptations.
Avoid long duration endurance exercise (.20–30 minutes) at high frequency (>3 d/week).
athletes whose sport requires strength and power should select endurance activity that is performed at very high intensities
Lower ↓ in hypertrophy, strength, and power.
Wilson 2012

21. Conclusions
coaches can incorporate strength training for individuals attempting to primarily increase endurance performance without interfering with their aerobic capacity
Wilson 2012