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MODULE A - ADMINISTRATIVE
SUBMODULES A1. Tools and Resources A2. Codes and Standards Products A3. Membership Maintenance A4. Honors and Awards A5. Publishing Codes and Standards Module A - Administrative ASME C&S Training Module A2
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REVISIONS DATE SLIDE CHANGE 9/27/02 11 & Notes (2nd bullet) 16 Notes
29 33 38 Notes 46 In definition, change “bodies and is enforceable” to read “bodies, which makes it enforceable” Add new item to first bullet to read “Neglecting to update table for consistency with revision to corresponding text.” Last line, add “standards” before “committee” Second line, change “and” to “and/or” At the end, add new bullet to read “It is suggested that technical reports be reviewed at least once every five years for continued relevance and appropriate action.” Last item, after “Policy 33” add “(Interpretations)” ASME C&S Training Module A2
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A2. Codes And Standards Products
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OBJECTIVES This submodule will
Review ASME Codes and Standards products Highlight current product issues Objectives Like a factory, ASME Codes and Standards produces outputs, a wide range of products. This module is all about those products. This submodule will: Review ASME Codes and Standards products, explaining what they are, how they relate to each other, and how they are created Highlight issues relating to these products that we will cover in more detail in other modules ASME C&S Training Module A2
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AGENDA Codes and Standards Guides/Reports Conformity Assessment
The majority of the production capacity of the Codes and Standards “factory” is devoted to codes and standards documents and the ancillary products (also documents) that update, correct, interpret and introduce new concepts to those codes and standards. We will begin the presentation by taking a look at this important group of products. The balance of the factory’s production capacity is geared toward developing guides and technical reports, and establishing the criteria for and administering ASME’s various Conformity Assessment programs. We’ll look at these at the end of the presentation. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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I. CODES AND STANDARDS ASME C&S Training Module A2
Part I - Codes and Standards Let’s begin by taking a look at the codes and standards and their ancillary products. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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STANDARDS Definitions Various Examples: ISO/IEC Guide 2
OMB Circular A-119 ASME Standards It is important to establish the definition of a standard, but it is inevitable that such a definition will vary, depending on its source. We will look at definitions of a “standard” from different sources and note the similarities and differences. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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“STANDARD” (ISO / IEC GUIDE 2)
Definition Document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context. NOTE – Standards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits. “Standard” - ISO/IEC Guide 2 Definition: ISO’s definition of a standard is extremely general. This is due to the fact that ISO writes standards that cover a wide array of products and activities. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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“STANDARD” (OMB CIRCULAR A-119*)
Definition Common and repeated use of rules, conditions, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, and related management systems practices The definition of terms; classification of components; delineation of procedures; specification of dimensions, materials, performance, designs, or operations; measurement of quality and quantity in describing materials, processes, products, systems, services, or practices; test methods and sampling procedures; or descriptions of fit and measurements of size or strength * OMB A-119 = Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and Conformity Assessment Activities “Standard” - US Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-119* Definition: Directs U.S. government agencies to use voluntary consensus standards in lieu of government-unique standards except where inconsistent with law or otherwise impractical Definition of a standard is complex Includes a description of what is not a standard, and the various types of standards that can coexist. * Circular A-119 = Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and Conformity Assessment Activities ASME C&S Training Module A2
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“STANDARD” (ASME) Definition
A document set forth to provide for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results. A set of technical definitions and instructions set forth to provide consistent and comparable results, including: Items manufactured uniformly, providing for interchangeability Tests and analyses conducted reliably, minimizing the uncertainty of the results Facilities designed and constructed for safe operation “Standard” - ASME Definition: A number of slightly different definitions of “standard” have been used, although there is not one official ASME definition. Here is one example. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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ASME STANDARDS Key Characteristics Clear consistent style
Well-defined scope Realistic Enforceable ASME Standards Key Characteristics: ASME standards have these characteristics: They are written in a clear consistent style that makes them suitable for repeated use. They have a well-defined scope, but provide complete coverage of the topics within that scope. They define realistic requirements suited to the intended purpose of the standard. This means not being arbitrary or overly restrictive. They define enforceable requirements. That is, they allow anyone auditing the use of the standard, such as an inspector or a purchaser, to clearly determine where the standard has been followed and where it has not, and the extent to which it has or has not been followed. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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“CODE” Definition A standard that is intended to be adopted by one or
more governmental bodies, which makes it enforceable by law Inconsistencies A standard adopted into law is not renamed as a “code.” Many “codes” are not referenced in regulations. Many standards are referenced in regulations. “Code” Definition: As is the case with “standard,” there is more than one definition for “code.” Sometimes, in fact, the definitions of “code” and “standard” are used interchangeably. Generally speaking, a code is a standard that is intended to be adopted by one or more governmental bodies, which makes it enforceable by law. Inconsistencies: However, the definition is not used consistently. For example: When a standard is adopted into law, we don’t go back and rename it as a code. We have many codes which are not referenced in regulations There are many standards that are referenced in regulations. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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IMPACT OF CODES AND STANDARDS
Codes and standards have multiple impacts Basis for regulatory requirements Major impact on affected equipment markets Market impact has legal implications Development and approval steps covered in later modules Impact of Codes and Standards Codes and standards have multiple impacts: Standards often form the basis for government regulatory requirements, particularly where safety is involved. Codes and standards can have a major impact on the market for the equipment to which the code or standard applies. It is the potential market impact of quality codes and standards that is behind many of the legal implications that are addressed in other sessions in this training program. The specific steps taken to develop and approve ASME codes and standards are also covered in other sessions in this training program. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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ADDENDA SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
Description Provides revisions, additions, or corrections to a code or standard in the form of replacement pages Addenda must be described in foreword or on copyright page of code or standard Standards Committee determines Whether or not to offer service Frequency of publication Issuance year of next edition Addenda Subscription Service Description: Most ASME codes and standards need to be revised regularly. Revisions can be published in a new edition or in an addendum. An addendum provides replacement pages for the current edition of the code or standard. Addenda Services are not required, but if provided, the service must be described in the foreword or on the copyright page of the code or standard. At the time a standard is approved, the Standards Committee determines: Whether or not to offer an addendum subscription service The frequency of addenda publication The scheduled year of issuance of the next edition ASME C&S Training Module A2
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ADDENDA SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
February 2001, Committee on Process Recommended committees consider discontinuing the use of addenda Arguments for eliminating addenda Pagination problems Internet access more difficult Miscellaneous addenda revisions difficult to follow Addenda issued too frequently can impose manufacturing hardships Addenda Subscription Service (cont’d) Arguments for eliminating addenda: Until recently, addenda were the routine for a number of Codes and Standards. However, in February 2001, the Committee on Process recommended that each standards committee seriously consider discontinuing the use of addenda. The reasons: Because of the need to maintain original page breaks when adding or deleting material, it is easier to reprint a new edition rather than publish an addendum. ASME’s goal is to publish all standards in electronic form. Addenda make it more difficult to make standards available for viewing or download on the Internet, because there is no single file that contains a complete standard with the addenda revisions integrated within the standard. Addenda often contain a collection of miscellaneous revisions, many of which are editorial, making it more difficult for all users to keep up with the revisions that are important to them. Users of some ASME Codes and Standards have objected to too frequent addenda as an unnecessary hardship. For example, changes to a standard may require companies who use the standard to make annual design or retooling changes. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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ADDENDA SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
Alternatives Issue new editions more frequently, for example: Three years two years Five years three years Issue special notifications or supplements Impact on design Impact on safety Process Committee asked each Standard Committee to decide Most committees decided to eliminate Addenda Subscription Service (cont’d) Alternatives: Instead of issuing addenda service, committees were asked to consider different alternatives such as: Issue new editions more frequently. New editions of ASME codes and standards can be published more frequently. For example, in the case of standards currently on a three-year cycle with annual addenda, a new edition published every two years may be satisfactory. In the case of standards currently on a five-year cycle with two addenda, a new edition published every three years may be satisfactory. Issue special notification or supplements: Special notifications or supplements can be issued for publication of major technical changes or alternative rules that have an impact on design, safety, etc. to the user without having to wait for the scheduled edition. The Process Committee realized that the elimination of addenda may impact each code or standard differently. Therefore, they asked each Standards Committee to make the decision regarding the elimination of addenda. As a result, the majority of Committees have decided to eliminate addenda. (Notable exceptions: Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and A17.1 Code) Now we will shift our focus to some of the items that could be included in an addendum or new edition of a standard. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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ERRATA/EDITORIAL CHANGES
Typographical errors or misspellings Grammatical errors Incorrect publication Omission by staff Printer errors Mistaken publication NOTE: Errata apply retroactively Errata and Editorial Changes Errata: Most editions contain a number of editorial changes and perhaps some errata. Errata include the following: Typographical errors or misspelling Grammatical errors Incorrect publication of approved items, omission by staff of approved items, printer errors, or incorrect publication of an item that was not approved. Neglecting to update table for consistency with revision to corresponding text. The changes described in Errata apply retroactively. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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ERRATA/EDITORIAL CHANGES
Non-substantive changes Do not change the requirements in any way NOTE: Errata and Editorial Changes may be initiated by: Committee member Staff General Public Errata and Editorial Changes (cont’d) Editorial Changes: Editorial actions are those that make changes to the standard that are not substantive. Editorial changes do not change the requirement of the standards in any way. NOTE: Both Errata and/or Editorial changes may be initiated by a committee member, staff, or inquiry from the public. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INTERPRETATIONS Interpretations are used to clarify the meaning of some aspect of a code or standard. Interpretations Interpretations are used to clarify the meaning of some aspect of a code or standard. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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TYPES OF INTERPRETATIONS
Formal response to a written inquiry (letter, fax, ) Official ASME interpretation letterhead 2. Intent Interpretation Clarifies or corrects ambiguous or incorrect wording Reference: Accredited Procedures and Codes and Standards Policy 33 Types of Interpretations An “Interpretation” is a formal response to a written inquiry. It is transmitted to the inquirer on ASME interpretation letterhead. NOTE: “Written inquiries” may be sent to ASME by letter, fax, or . An Intent Interpretation is used to clarify or correct ambiguous or incorrect wording. Reference: The requirements a committee must follow in issuing interpretations are contained in the Accredited Procedures and also in Codes and Standards Policy 33. Let’s look at some of these. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INTERPRETATIONS - REQUIREMENTS
Interpretations must Be in “inquiry and reply” format Give name and edition of interpreted standard State that ASME may reconsider Be revised if there is an identified need (correction, clarification) Interpretations - Requirements The requirements for interpretations are: Interpretations shall be written in an “inquiry and reply” format. The inquiry or the reply shall include the name and specific edition(s) of the standard(s) being interpreted. There shall be a statement advising that ASME may reconsider its interpretation when additional information is made available. Existing interpretations shall be revised when there is an identified need for a correction or clarification. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INTERPRETATIONS - REQUIREMENTS
Interpretations shall NOT Revise existing requirements Establish new requirements Describe the rationale Approve, certify, rate or endorse any item, construction, proprietary device or activity Interpretations - Requirements (cont’d) Interpretations shall not: Revise existing requirements Establish new requirements Describe the rationale (For example, they should not describe why the standard is written the way it is.) Interpretations shall not approve, certify, rate or endorse any item, construction, proprietary device or activity. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INTERPRETATIONS - REQUIREMENTS
Other requirements ASME interpretation letterhead Signature by responsible staff person Must be published Interpretations - Requirements (cont’d) Other requirements: Interpretations shall be transmitted to the inquirer on ASME interpretation letterhead They shall be signed by the staff person responsible for administrative activities of the Standards Committee or cognizant Subcommittee. Those interpretations not included in a special interpretation publication service shall be published on the ASME web site and/or in the Codes and Standards section of Mechanical Engineering magazine. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INTERPRETATIONS - REQUIREMENTS
Must be approved by The Standards Committee or Cognizant Subcommittee, or A special committee NOTE: ASME approval process was strengthened as a result of “Hydrolevel Case” (Submodule C2, Antitrust) Interpretations - Requirements (cont’d) Interpretations may be approved by either: The Standards Committee or Cognizant Subcommittee or A special committee. NOTE: The strengthening of ASME’s interpretation approval process was initiated as a result of the “Hydrolevel Case,” which will be discussed in further detail in Submodule C2, Antitrust. Prior to the Hydrolevel Case inquiries were answered directly by the Committee Chairs. Today two different approval voting processes are used to approve interpretations. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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STANDARDS COMMITTEE/SUBCOMMITTEE APPROVAL PROCESS
Procedure Inquiry received Proposed inquiry & reply transmitted to committee (with original inquiry) Vote taken No Objection Objection Not Voting NOTE: Objection requires written justification and suggested alternative action Standards Committee/Subcommittee Approval Process One of the options available for approving interpretations is the standards or cognizant subcommittee method. In this process: The inquiry is received. The Secretary transmits the proposed inquiry and reply, as well as a copy of the original inquiry, to the committee. Members are given three voting options on the proposed inquiry and reply: “No Objection”, “Objection”, or “Not Voting.” Votes may be obtained by letter, fax, recorded votes at meetings, or electronic means. Members casting an objection must provide written justification and provide an alternative action that will resolve their objection.(This is the same as the requirement for negative votes on a standards action.) A reconsideration vote may be taken. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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STANDARDS COMMITTEE/SUBCOMMITTEE APPROVAL PROCESS
Votes required for approval Vote taken at meeting (quorum present) No Objection by two thirds of members Vote taken at other than a meeting No Objection by two thirds of members voting, provided at least half of the members vote Reference: Codes & Standards Policy 33 Standards Committee/Subcommittee Approval Process (cont’d) Votes required for approval: An Interpretation is Approved if the vote by the committee meets these criteria: When a vote is taken at a meeting at which a quorum is present, no objection by two thirds of members present is required. When the vote is taken other than at a meeting, all members of the committee shall have the opportunity to vote, and in this case, no objection by two thirds of members voting is required, provided at least half of the members vote. Reference: These requirements are in the ASME Accredited Procedures, and in the Codes and Standards Policy 33. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPROVAL PROCESS
Special Committee Members Minimum 5 members, including Staff Secretary Must be members of Standards Committee or subordinate group Appointed by Chair of Standards Committee or Cognizant Subcommittee No member interest can have majority Special Committee Approval Process Another method available for approving responses to inquiries is by approval from a Special Committee. Special Committee members: The membership of the Special Committee must meet these requirements: There must be at least five members, one of which shall be the Staff Secretary responsible for the standard. Members of the Special Committee shall be members of the Standards Committee or subordinate group. Special Committee members shall be appointed by the Chair of the Standards Committee or cognizant subcommittee. No member interest category can have a majority on the Special Committee. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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SPECIAL COMMITTEE APPROVAL PROCESS
Approval process: Similar to approval process for Standards Committee/Subcommittee EXCEPT Voting responses limited to No Objection Objection All members must vote no objection for interpretation to be approved Unresolvable objections should be referred to the Cognizant Committee or Subcommittee. Special Committee Approval Process (cont’d) Approval process: The Special Committee Approval Voting Process is similar to the approval process for the Standards Committee/Subcommittee approval voting process we just described, with the following exceptions: Members are given only two voting options: “No Objection” or “Objection”. If there is a reason for a member to “Not Vote” on a particular inquiry another member should be appointed to the Special Committee in his/her place. When using the Special Committee Approval Voting Process, interpretations are considered approved when all members vote “No Objection.” If the special committee cannot resolve a member’s objection to a proposed response, the matter shall be referred to the Cognizant Committee or Subcommittee for consideration. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INFORMAL RESPONSES Requirements May be verbal or in writing
Should clearly state that the response expresses an opinion, not an official interpretation Must not be sent on ASME interpretation letterhead Informal Responses Requirements: ASME staff or volunteers may also offer informal responses: Responses may be either verbal or in writing. They should include a clear statement by the staff person or volunteer that he or she is expressing his or her opinion and not an interpretation. Also, if written, the response shall not be on ASME interpretation letterhead. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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INTENT INTERPRETATIONS
When used To clarify conflicting/ambiguous wording To resolve incorrect wording Requirements Must be accompanied by a revision to the standard that supports the interpretation Interpretation and associated revision must be approved by standards committee. Intent Interpretations Technical inquiries that cannot be answered on the basis of the existing wording of the standard may be answerable by an “intent interpretation.” Intent interpretations are permitted only to clarify conflicting or ambiguous wording or to resolve incorrect wording. An intent interpretation shall be submitted to the standards committee for approval along with the revision(s) to the standard that support the intent interpretation. Both the intent interpretation and the revision(s) to the standard must be approved for the interpretation to be issued. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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POP QUIZ #1 In order for an Interpretation to be approved by a Special Committee, a No Objection vote must be cast by… Two-thirds of the members present Two-thirds of the members voting All members Pop Quiz #1 Answer: c. All members ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CASES When used To provide alternatives to existing requirements
Permission to use new materials Permission to use alternative constructions To allow early and urgent implementation of a revised requirement Can be requested by an inquirer or initiated by a committee Cases When used: Cases are used to provide alternatives to the existing requirements of the code, such as to grant permission to use new materials or alternative constructions. Cases are often used when the need for a revision is urgent because it is usually faster to generate a case than to revise the code or standard and wait for it to be published in the next new edition or addenda. Cases can be requested directly by an inquirer or initiated by a committee. (If a committee realizes that the answer they have to give to an inquiry goes outside the bounds of the code rules, they may decide to issue a case.) ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CASES Characteristics “Inquiry and reply” format
Conditions of use clearly stated Approval by Standards Committee Supervisory Board Not ANSI Effective as of Supervisory Board approval Not automatically included in code/standard requirements Conformity Assessment Dept must be notified Cases Characteristics: The specific steps taken to develop and approve Cases are similar to those used for standards revision. Cases are presented in an “inquiry and reply” format. Cases clearly state the conditions under which the Case may be used. Cases require Standards Committee (consensus committees) and Supervisory Board approval, but do not require ANSI approval. Cases may be used as soon as they receive Supervisory Board approval. Cases are not automatically included as part of the requirements of a code or standard, but must be referenced separately in order to be included. Committees which develop requirements associated with accreditation or certification programs are responsible for notifying the Conformity Assessment Department when proposed revisions or Cases may affect those activities. This will be discussed more fully in Module B9 – ASME Conformity Assessment Programs. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CASES Caution Should not be used by code/standard users unless accepted by purchasers and/or authorities in jurisdiction where component will be installed Cases Caution: Users of a code or standard are cautioned against making use of Cases without having the assurance that they have been accepted by the purchaser and/or the proper authorities in the jurisdiction where the component is to be installed. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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POP QUIZ #2 Which product would you use?
To respond to a manufacturer who has asked for formal clarification of a requirement _______ To remove a requirement included in a standard in error _______ To provide a manufacturer with urgently needed permission to use a new material not yet included in the standard _______ To revise a standard to include a number of necessary substantive changes _______ Pop Quiz #2 Answers: Interpretation Errata Case Addendum or new edition ASME C&S Training Module A2
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POP QUIZ #3 (Extra Credit)
Which of the following is not published? Code Standard Errata Interpretation Informal response Intent interpretation Case Pop Quiz #3 (Extra Credit) Answer: e. Informal response ASME C&S Training Module A2
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II. GUIDES/REPORTS ASME C&S Training Module A2
Part II – Guides/Reports We’ve now covered our most important group of products – codes and standards and the ancillary products used to update and expand on them. Let’s move on to another important category of products: Guides and Reports. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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GUIDES Characteristics
Provide recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices Include suggestions, alternatives rather than directives Are occasionally updated Guides Characteristics: In some cases, describing Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices is more appropriate than trying to define a standard. Guides do this. Guides give suggestions and or choices of solutions to engineering problems, but are less authoritative and definitive than a standard. Like standards, guides can be used repetitively within their clearly defined scopes, and are occasionally updated. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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TECHNICAL REPORTS Characteristics Informational or tutorial in nature
Technical research reports Methods for applying a code/standard Covered in specific committee training sessions Technical Reports Characteristics: Another type of output is a technical report. Informational or tutorial in nature, technical reports may include reports of technical research or explanations of methods for applying a code or standard. Since each Department handles this differently, and most committees have not actually issued technical reports, this will be covered in the specific committee training sessions where appropriate. It is suggested that technical reports be reviewed at least once every five years for continued relevance and appropriate action. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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III. CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
Part III - Conformity Assessment In the last part of this submodule, we’ll cover ASME’s Conformity Assessment programs. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
Types Accreditation Certification ISO 9000 Registration Conformity Assessment Types of Certificates: To facilitate demonstration of compliance by users of some ASME codes and standards, ASME develops and administers programs to assess conformity with some of its codes and standards. ASME Codes and Standards issues conformity assessment certificates in three areas: accreditation, certification and registration. Let’s take a brief look at each of these. Other sessions in this training program will cover them more completely. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
Accreditation Indicates that a manufacturer is capable of constructing equipment to a certain ASME standard Based on a shop review or survey of their quality system Certificate of Authorization or Accreditation awarded for successful review Conformity Assessment (cont’d) Accreditation: Accreditation verifies that a manufacturer’s quality system meets the requirements for a certain ASME standard and, in some cases, authorizes it to stamp equipment with a special symbol. Verification is done by a shop review or survey of manufacturer’s quality system, conducted to uniform requirements established by ASME. Upon successful completion of the review, the manufacturer receives a Certificate of Authorization signifying that it is qualified to produce equipment which meets an ASME code or standard. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
Certification Certifies than an individual meets the qualification criteria specified in an ASME standard Testing done through a series of examinations Individual receives certification upon successful completion Certification is not licensing Conformity Assessment (cont’d) Certification: Certification programs certify that an individual meets the qualification criteria specified in an ASME code or standard. Testing is done through a series of examinations, which are developed by ASME and reviewed by the standard writing committee, and given under controlled conditions. After successful completion of the examination process, the individual receives a certificate from ASME signifying that he or she has met the requirements of the program. Certification should not be mistaken for licensing, which is solely a function of regulatory bodies. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
ISO 9000 Registration ASME’s scope limited to companies with mechanical engineering-related products or services Similar to ASME Accreditation process Certifies the organization’s quality system, not its products ASME ISO 9000 certificate, if review successful Conformity Assessment (cont’d) ISO 9000 Registration: ASME also administers an ISO 9000 registration program. The scope of ASME’s accreditation to be an ISO Registrar is limited to registration of suppliers of mechanical equipment and related materials, items and services, such as those covered by ASME Codes and Standards. The process for issuance of an ASME ISO 9000 certificate is similar to the ASME accreditation process. However, ASME ISO 9000 is not geared to demonstrate that the applicant’s product conforms to a specific standard. Applicant receives ASME ISO 9000 certificate if review is successful. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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POP QUIZ #4 Which of the following authorizes a manufacturer to stamp equipment indicating it meets an ASME code or standard? Accreditation Certification Registration Pop Quiz #4 Answer: a. Accreditation ASME C&S Training Module A2
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Conformity Assessment
SUMMARY Codes and Standards Guides/Reports Conformity Assessment Summary The ASME Codes and Standards factory produces at a prolific rate. Over 600 codes and standards are published. Hundreds of interpretations and certificates are issued annually. The capital equipment in the factory is people: volunteers and staff who produce the finished products. Nearly four thousand individuals are involved in the production of ASME Codes and Standards outputs. Their knowledge and expertise leads to the enormous value into the end products. ASME C&S Training Module A2
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REFERENCES ISO / IEC Guide 2:1996, Standardization and related activities - General vocabulary OMB Circular A-119 ANSI Accredited Procedures Codes and Standards Policy 33 (Interpretations) References ASME C&S Training Module A2
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