1. Higher Education in California: Yesterday and Today
Universidade de São Paulo
March 22, 2013
John Aubrey Douglass
Senior Research Fellow
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley 1

2. The Tour California’s Public HE System Today
In the Beginning - The California Idea
California’s 1960 Master Plan - What it Did
Trouble in Paradise - Contemporary Challenges
California as a Global Model?
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

3. California’s Pioneering
HE System Today The primacy of the public sector 1

4. California’s Higher Education System
Tripartite Public System
University of California
California State University (CSU)
California Community Colleges
Private Independent
For-Profit Sector
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

5. California’s Higher Education System
Total HE Enrollment in California =
2.8 Million
Total Public HE =
2.4 million (86%)
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

6. California Community Colleges
Governance: Board of Governors (16 members appointed by Governor)
72 local Community College District boards
Open Door: provides access to “all who can benefit from higher education”
Two-year liberal arts degree (AA)
Primary role in vocational and adult education
110 campuses
1.7 million students (72% of Tripartite System total)
Annual total budget: $7.3 billion
- $6.7 billion from state and local government
- $.3 billion from Tuition and Fees
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

7. California State University
Governance: Board of Trustees (24 members appointed by Governor)
Admits from the top 33.3% of high school graduates
Bachelor’s, Master’s, some professional degrees
Primary role in teacher training
Secondary role in research and public service
23 campuses
44,000 Faculty and Staff
433,000 students (19% of Tripartite System total)
Annual total budget: $7.3 billion
- $3.3 billion from state government
- $1.5 billion from Tuition and Fees
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

8. University of California
Governance: Board of Regents (26 members, 18 app. by Governor)
Admits from the top 12.5% of high school graduates
Bachelor’s, Master’s, professional degrees and Ph.D.
Primary research and public service role
Secondary role in teacher training
10 campuses
226,000 Students (9% of Tripartite System total)
Annual total budget: $19.1 billion*
$2.1 billion from state government
$2.57 billion from Tuition and Fees
* Not including Department of Energy National Laboratories
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

9. California Tripartite HE System - 2010
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 9

10. The University of California – Funding Sources and Expenditures
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

11. The University of California
The state now contributes 51% less for student education than it did 20 years ago.
The University of California
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

12. In the Beginning -The California Idea2
In the Beginning -The California Idea
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

13. The California Idea
First state to develop a coordinated and coherent approach to comprehensive mass higher education
First state to establish the public junior college and to pioneer the AA degree
First state to establish formal matriculation agreements between public HE institutions
University of California is the nation’s first multi-campus system with inclusion of UCLA
Emergence of tripartite structure (not 1960!)
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

14. John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 14
Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 14

15. Success of the Transfer Function Berkeley and UCLA Enrollment: 1930-1960
Source: J.A. Douglass, The Conditions for Admissions: Access, Equity and the Social Contract of Public Universities, 2007.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 15

16. California’s 1960 Master Plan3
California’s 1960 Master Plan
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

17. The Heart of the 1960 Master Plan
More important for what it preserved and prevented (a superboard) then what it invented
Mission and governance of existing Tripartite System put into one statute
Ended often bitter turf fight over the dissertation and research function of CSU - created a treaty
Modified admissions and access paths to reduce future costs for the State of California - reducing access to UC and CSU
Outlined a plan to complete new campus development
Plan a product largely of the HE community, with pressure from lawmakers.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

18. California HE Matriculation
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

19. Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

20. John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 20
Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 20

21. John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

22. John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

23. John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

24. Contemporary and Future Challenges5
Trouble in Paradise -
Contemporary and Future Challenges
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

25. Evaluating HE System Success: Conclusions for California
Mixed results with serious decline in the last three decades.
Moderate Access Rates
Low Degree Production - Among Bottom Ten States
Decline in Transfer Function - when compared to pre-1960 decades
Severely Underfinanced Community College system
UC good quality in teaching and research – although now under threat
Peak in System might have been 1970 or so in Access and Degree Production (maybe earlier)
California once number one in most categories (e.g., graduation rates) now ranked in bottom ten states.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 25

26. John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

27. California HE Today:
What Parts of the Master Plan are Dead or Nearly So?
Rapid decline in the State’s commitment to subsidize public HE in California
In turn, commitment to low fee/tuition system evaporating – learning how to move to a “Progressive Tuition Model.”
Serious challenge to enrollment balance and commitment by HE Segments to admit and serve historical pool – UC, CSU and by default CCC.
Inability to grow the enrollment capacity of public HE in the near and long term – California population continues to grow.
Question: is California existing HE system “Fit for Purpose”?
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 27

28. Macro Problems
Its About the Money - but not only? Also structure of HE system
K-12 Pipeline: Peak and Valley high school graduation rates
Too Many Part-Time students
Too Many Students in 2-year CCC
= High HE Attrition Rates and Low Degree Production
Population Growth
The Brazilian Effect – For-Profits
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley 28

29. California Tripartite HE System - 2010
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 29

30. Reimagining – 2025? John A. Douglass - CSHE UC Berkeley
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - CSHE UC Berkeley

31. California as a Global Model?6
California as a Global Model?
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

32. California as an Example
Highly DIFFERENTIATED but also SYMBIOTIC system – historically – with big benefits – historically.
Transfer function helps justify highly selective UC system
But built ORGANICALLY – beginning in the Progressive Era and essentially adding important components (institutions and relationships) over time.
Not an example of reorganization of existing institutions!
Not much innovation going on anymore.
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 32

33. The New Global Models?
National Governments are striving for greater differentiation
But are doing so via often discreet methods e.g., revised funding models and/or building new institutions – FATEC’s in Brazil
Movement to Pan-Regional Relationships and best practices.
Europe as the new Model?
Lack of Higher Education Leadership
John Aubrey Douglass
Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley
John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 33