1. Reproduction and DNA Notes

2. organism sexual asexual I. Reproduction
a. Reproduction is the process by which an ___________ produces others of the same kind.
b. The two types of reproduction are _________ and __________.
organism
sexual
asexual

3. Quick Quiz
Name the 2 types of reproduction.
Sexual and asexual reproduction

4. II. Asexual Reproduction
a. Asexual reproduction is when a single parent produces an ___________ that is genetically ___________ to the ________.
1 . _________, __________ and ________________ are types of asexual reproduction.
offspring
identical
parent
Fission
Budding
Regeneration

5. b. Fission is when a ______________ organism divides into two ___________ organisms.
1. __________ reproduce asexually by fission.
prokaryotic
identical
Bacteria

6. Examples of Fission

7. c. Budding is when a new organism grows from the ______ of the ________ organism.
1. When the _____ on the parent becomes large enough, it ________ away on its own.
body
parent
bud
breaks

8. Examples of Budding

9. d. In _______________ (fragmentation), a whole organism grows from just a part of the parent organism or can be used to _________ damaged or lost parts.
regeneration
re-grow

10. Examples of Regeneration

11. Quick Quiz
What is asexual reproduction?
When a parent makes an offspring identical to itself.

12. Quick Quiz
What is fission?
When a parent produces an organism identical to itself.

13. Quick Quiz
What is budding?
When a new organism grows from the body of the parent.

14. Quick Quiz
Provide an example of an organism that undergoes regeneration?
Starfish

15. III. Sexual Reproduction
a. Sexual reproduction is when ___________ (egg & sperm) from two parents _____ together to produce an __________.
sex cells
join
offspring

16. 1. _____________ is when two sex cells, an _____ & ________ come together.
2. The new cell that forms is called a ________.
fertilization
egg
sperm
zygote

17. b. Sex cells are produced by a process called _________
b. Sex cells are produced by a process called _________. Meiosis happens in the _______________ organs of plants and animals.
meiosis
reproductive

18. c. Meiosis starts with one cell
c. Meiosis starts with one cell. There are two divisions of the _________ with ___ sex cells produced, each containing ___ chromosomes (in humans).
nucleus 4 23

19. Quick Quiz
The process that produces sex cells is called ___________.
meiosis

20. Quick Quiz
At the end of meiosis, ______ sex cells are produced. 4

21. Quick Quiz
How many chromosomes are in the human sex cells? 23

22. IV. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
a. DNA is found in the _________ of the cells.
b. It is _________ material that holds the _____________ for the organism.
nucleus
genetic
information

23. c. ________________ are made of DNA molecules.
Chromosomes

24. d. When a cell divides, the _____ in the nucleus is ________ and passed to the new cells.
DNA
copied

26. e. Sometimes ___________ happen when DNA is copied
e. Sometimes ___________ happen when DNA is copied. This is called a __________.
mistakes
mutation
Ultraviolet light, nuclear radiation, and certain chemicals can damage DNA by altering nucleotide bases so that they look like other bases.

27. 1. Mutations can cause __________ in ______
1. Mutations can cause __________ in ______. Some changes are _________, some are ________ and some don’t help or hurt the organism.
2. Mutations in sex cells can be ________ on to __________.
changes
traits
harmful
helpful
passed
offspring

28. Quick Quiz
Chromosomes are made up of __________.
DNA

29. Quick Quiz
Mutations in sex cells can be passed on to the ___________.
Offspring

30. f. The DNA molecules are made up of two twisted _________ connected together by ___________ bonds.
strands
chemical

31. 1. The DNA structure resembles a twisted ________.
ladder

32. sugar nitrogen bases cytosine
2. The sides of the DNA “ladder” are made of the _______ deoxyribose and phosphate molecules.
3. The “rungs” of the DNA “ladder” are made of the __________ _______ adenine, thymine, __________ & guanine.
sugar
nitrogen
bases
cytosine

33. Quick Quiz
The DNA structure looks like a ___________ _____________.
Twisted ladder

34. Quick Quuiz
The sides of the ladder are made of _______.
Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules

35. Quick Quiz
The steps (rungs) of the ladder are made of _________ __________.
Nitrogen bases

36. Quick Quiz
Name the 4 bases.
Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine