1. European Middle Ages
Chapter 13

2. Section 1:Charlemagne
Middle Ages or Medieval period : after fall of Rome, Europe remained fragmented
Disruption in trade, downfall of cities, and population shifts
Germanic invaders who stormed Rome were not well educated and the level of learning sank
No written language
As Germans began to mix with the Romans language changed
Dialects popped up and various languages appeared like French and Spanish
Germanic kingdoms rose in place of the Roman Empire
Church was the institution that was able to withstand the break up of Rome
Concept of government changed-loyal to family and community. Warriors loyal to leaders they respected

3. Charlemagne
Monks gave up all worldly possessions and became servants of God
Under Pope Gregory I (590) the papacy expanded its powers over secular or worldly matters, including politics
He used the Church’s money to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor
All western and central Europe fell under the Pope’s control and authority
In Gaul the Franks emerged under their leader, Clovis
Clovis adopted Christianity due to God helping him in battle
By 600 the Church and Frankish rulers helped to convert many Germanic peoples
Church created religious communities, monasteries, for rural areas

4. Charlemagne
Charles Martel (Hammer) was Mayor and held more power than the king.
He expanded the empire and defeated the Muslims at the Battles of Tours in 732 –this kept Europe Christian!
Muslims had been invaded via Spain
Next ruler, Charles’ son, Pepin the Short. In order to become strong, Pepin aligned himself with the Pope. He fought against the Lombards and the Pope was happy-”king by the grace of God” became the Carolingian Dynasty
Europe fell into small kingdoms after the fall of the Roman Empire
The strongest was in the area of Gaul under the leadership of Clovis (Franks)
Clovis expanded his territory to encompass all of modern France and strengthened his family line (Merovingian)
700 Mayor of the Palace-ruler of the kingdom

5. Charlemagne This united Germanic kings and the Church
He limited the authority of the nobles and strengthened his powers
He traveled throughout his empire
He encouraged learning and opened a palace school for his many children
814 his son, Louis the Pious became emperor-he was an ineffective ruler and concerned more with religion
Pious’ 3 sons fought each other for the empire. It was split into 3 kingdoms after the civil war in the Treaty of Verdun in 843
Charlemagne
Pepin died and left the Frankish empire to his sons (Carloman and Charles). Charles inherited the throne after Carloman died. He became Charlemagne
Charlemagne was 6’4”
He built an empire greater than anything since Rome: Italy, France, Spain, and Germany
Pope Leo III granted Charlemagne the title of emperor for fighting off unruly mobs in Rome

6. Section 2: Feudalism
Vikings(Norsemen) sailed from Scandinavia to Europe down waterways to raid villages and towns
They carried out these raids with terrifying speed and by the time local troop arrived the Vikings were long gone
Viking warships allowed for these raids…could hold as many as 300 warriors
They looted villages and monasteries, were traders, and explorers
The destabilization that the civil war caused brought Europe into new political turmoil and led to the development of feudalism
Feudalism is a political system based on land ownership and personal loyalty
At this weakened state Europe was then attacked by invaders: Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

7. Section 2: Feudalism
Following the Viking decline a new group from the east began assaulting Europe…the Magyars
Magyars did not settle conquered lands instead sold the conquered people into slavery
At the same time Muslims attacked from the south
These invasions caused disruption of trade, political disorder, and suffering
Vikings were also known to go as far as Russia on raids
They are also created with reaching the Americas
Vikings gradually began to accept Christianity and as this happened the raids decreased
Climate warming combined with this to allow for increased farming in Scandinavia

8. Section 2: Feudalism
These attacks led to the development of a new political system called feudalism-power was based on land ownership and loyalty
King
Church/ clergy
nobles
knights
Lord
gives
land
Peasants/ serfs
vassal
Loyalty and military service

10. Section 3: Chivalry
During Middle Ages, nobles fought one another, keeping Europe fragmented for centuries
Through warfare feudal lords defended their estates, seized new territories, and increased their wealth
Role of the warrior was very prized in this society
Knights had a code of chivalry: a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters: feudal lord, the Lord, and his chosen lady
Knights fought bravely in tournaments to show their training and hopefully pick up lands

11. Page: at age of 7 starts training
Squire-age of 14
Knight-age 21

12. Siege Weapons To look at siege weapons click on the following link:
Click below to play destroy the medieval castle!!!
Troubadours would travel around Europe and play for money-what people did for fun!
Women had increasing power because they could inherit land from their husbands and rule in his place while he was gone

13. Section 4: The Church
Amid weak governments and feudal states stood the Church-the most powerful institution
During this time the powers of the Church were growing
Accordingly the emperor or kings should submit to the powers of the pope/ Church
Many clashes over powers between the state and Church emerged
Structure of the Church similar to that of society during this time
Pope
Bishops
priests

14. Section 4: The Church
During the state of constant warfare the Church provided stability and leadership for medieval society
Religious officials provided the sacraments or important religious ceremonies that paved the way for salvation
Religion became the social center
The Church also had laws-canon law-in areas such as marriage and religion
Popes got people, including kings, to obey them by the use of excommunication!
Following the death of Charlemagne the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) emerged as the kingdom strongest from his line
The H.R.E. and the pope developed a special relationship-Otto I and People Leo III

15. Resulted in Concordat of Worms in 1122: the Church alone could choose a bishop yet the emperor had the veto power to prevent the appointment of a bishop
1152 German princes elected Frederick I “Barbarossa” emperor
He launched attacks on rich lands-resources
Angered Italian merchants. Formed an alliance against Frederick I (Lombard League)
1176 meet at the Battle of Legnano-lost
Result-weakened German state due to picking emperors and continued clashes with the Church
Section 4:
Church became fearful of kings powers over lay investiture-a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials-they yielded real power over the Church
1075 People Gregory VII banned the practice
Gregory vs. Henry IV of Germany- Later asked for forgiveness
Wasn’t excommunicated