1. 1

3. Also treats inflammation, slows gastric emptying

5. The two principal incretins, GIP and GLP-1, both act on the b-cell to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and in preclinical studies, both incretins stimulate b-cell proliferation and reduce b-cell apoptosis. GLP-1 also has multiple actions on other cell types, including reduction of glucagon secretion from the islet a-cell, inhibition of food intake and gastric emptying, and regulation of cardiovascular function and contractility. Although GLP-1 action on the liver and muscle is thought to be indirect, possibly via other hormones or through the nervous system, treatment of diabetic subjects with GLP-1R agonists has also been associated with increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues such as muscle and liver. 5