1. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

2. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Essential questions:
What are the functions of blood?
What are some disorders of the blood?
How are blood disorders treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
What are some disorders of the circulatory system?
How are disorders of the circulatory system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

3. What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
What does the blood transport?
carries nutrients from digestive
tract to the cells, oxygen to cells, waste products, hormones
*Erythropoiesis is the manufacture of red blood cells in the red bone marrow; a diet with adequate iron intake is required for this process.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

4. What are the functions of blood?
Regulation
How does the blood regulate heat?
Circulates excess heat to body
surfaces and lungs.
How does the blood regulate acid/base balance?
Carries buffers and amino acids
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

5. What are the functions of blood?
Protection
What function of the blood serves to protect the body?
Circulates antibodies and defense
cells to fight infection and disease
What is the relevance to health?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

6. Functions of the blood components
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

7. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Plasma
What is the role of plasma in circulation?
Discuss its relevance to health.
Contains components necessary for blood
clotting and helps to maintain blood volume
Plasma
Cellular elements
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

8. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Erythrocytes
What are the functions of erythrocytes?
Transportation
hemo= blood
globin= protein
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Carry O2 to tissues and CO2 away.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

9. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Erythrocytes
Starts here
Hemolysis
What is it?
Bursting of red blood cell
Where does it occur?
Red blood cell
What is the lifetime of an erythrocyte?
120 days
What happens to old erythrocytes?
Broken down by spleen and liver.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

10. Rh factor What is hemolytic anemia? How is it treated?
Hemolytic anemia occurs when
blood cells are destroyed earlier
than normal.
Treatment depends on the cause.
A blood transfusion may be
Necessary.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

11. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Leukocytes
What is the function of leukocytes?
Help to fight disease and infection
Compare leukocytes to erythrocytes.
WBC’s are larger than RBC’s; WBC’s are granular or agranular
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

12. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes-
Protect against cancer
Monocytes-
Perform phagocytosis
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

13. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils-perform
phagocytosis; contributes to pus formation
Eosinophils-increase during worm infections and allergic attacks
Basophils-perform phagocytosis; promotes inflammatory response.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

14. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Inflammation
What is inflammation?
*Occurs when body tissue
has been exposed to chemical/
physical trauma or has been in-
vaded by microorganisms (fungi,
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.)
*Symptoms: Redness, local heat,
swelling, pain, pus may occur due
to increased leukocytes.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

15. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Inflammation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

16. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Inflammation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

17. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Thrombocytes
What is the composition of thrombocytes?
The smallest, solid component of the blood; ovoid in shape.
What is their function?
Assist with blood clotting by forming a “platelet plug”.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

18. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Thrombocytes
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

19. Blood types What are the types of blood? Where do they come from?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

20. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood types
Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies)
A B AB O
*Who can receive
type O blood?
EVERYONE
can receive O negative
Blood!
UNIVERSAL DONOR
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

21. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood types
Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies)
A B AB O
*AB positive is the
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
AB pos. can
receive ANY blood
BUT can only donate
to AB pos. recipients
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 21

22. Rh factor What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What are its symptoms?
How can it be treated?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

23. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Rh factor What is *erythroblastosis fetalis? *Hemolytic disease of the newborn What causes it? *Rh neg. mother is pregnant with Rh pos. baby and the mother’s blood develops anti-Rh antibodies; 1st born not affected, but the next preganancy will be. Mom’s anti-Rh antibodies will cause the baby’s RBC’s to clump. How is it treated? RHO Gam is a shot given to the Rh neg. mother to destroy any Rh pos. blood cells.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 23

24. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood Disorders
*Anemia-”low iron”; deficiency in RBC’s and hemoglobin
*Symptoms-dyspnea, pallor, palpitations, extreme fatigue
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

25. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
What is the difference
between an embolism
and a thrombus?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

26. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders: *Embolism-a “moving” blood clot, a substance that is foreign to the bloodstream (air, fat cells, needle, bullet, blood clot, etc.); may cause death if iy travels to the lungs or the heart. Thrombus-formation of a blood clot in a vessel; usually caused by slow blood circulation or a decrease in mobility.
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27. Blood disorders Explain the difference between a hematoma
and a contusion.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

28. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders: Hematoma-a clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space; caused by injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture. Contusion-a bruise; blood vessels are damaged or broken due to a blow to the skin (bumping against something, hitting self with hammer, getting hit with a rock, etc.)
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 28

29. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
What is hemophilia?
How do you get it?
Review the symptoms of hemophilia.
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

30. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders: *Hemophilia-hereditary disease where the blood clots slowly or abnormally and there is prolonged bleeding with minor injuries; more common in males, transmitted by moms to sons. *Symptoms: bruises easily, bleeds freely *Treatment-depends on the type; *injections of the clotting factor are commonly used; avoid trauma.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 30

31. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Leukemia
What is leukemia?-cancerous/malignant condition with a great increase in the number of WBC’s.
Symptoms-fever, headache, bruising, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss
Treatment-drug therapy, bone marrow transplants, radiation.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

32. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
*Multiple myeloma- malignant cancer of plasma cells; the cells multiple abnormally in the bone marrow.
Symptoms-kidney failure, anemia, bone damage/fractures.
Treatment-chemotherapy and radiation are not very effective; prognosis is poor.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

33. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Polycythemia-increased number of
red blood cells in the blood.
Symptoms-thickened blood,
headache, blood clots, dizziness,
itchiness, redness of skin,
shortness of breath, numbness,
fatigue.
Treatment-removal of blood,
meds
Plasma
Cellular elements
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

34. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
Septicemia-toxins
in the blood
Causes-
Treatment-
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

35. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Blood disorders
*Sickle cell anemia-chronic blood disorder inherited from both parents; most common in African Americans
*Symptoms-RBC’s form in the shape of a crescent, RBC’s break easily, carry less oxygen, anemia, fatigue, pain in joints
Treatment-blood trans-fusions, bone marrow transplants.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

36. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
What are the functions of the heart?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

37. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Functions of the heart
Did you know?
At rest, 2 ounces of blood
is circulated with each heart beat.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

38. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What do pumps do?
How does this relate to heart function?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

39. Hear the beat! What makes the lubb dupp sound?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

40. Valves closing Hear the beat! What makes the lubb dupp sound?
Lubb-the first sound heard when the triscuspid
and the bicuspid valves close.
Dupp-the second sound heard, shorter and
more high pitched, when the semilunar valves
in the aorta and the pulmonary artery closes.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 40

41. What is the normal range of blood pressure
Blood Pressure FYI
Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries.
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
Measured during the contraction phase of the heart
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
Measured when the ventricles are relaxed
What is the normal range of blood pressure
for an adult?
*120/80

42. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s electric!
Explain the electrical activity of the heart.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

43. Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system.
It’s electric!
Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

44. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Electrocardiogram
EKG or ECG (electrical tracing of the heart)
SYSTOLE = contraction phase of the heart
DIASTOLE = relaxation phase of the heart
Baseline of an EKG is a flat line:
P = Atrial contraction
QRS = Ventricular contraction
T = Ventricular relaxation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

45. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s electric!
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

46. Functions of the heart Transportation
What does the heart transport?
-Blood to the cells and back to the heart
-Oxygen and nutrients to the cells
and waste products away
-the lymph system returns excess
fluid from tissues to general circulation
What is involved in the transportation process?
-heart, arteries, veins, capillaries,
blood, lymphatic system
How is this a circulatory system function?
-the heart is a PUMP
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

47. The transportation process Discuss systemic circulation
blood from the heart to the
tissues and cells and back
to the heart.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

48. The transportation process
Right side
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs CO2 and O2 exchange
Left Side
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
(Schematic of systemic circulation)
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

49. The transportation process
Discuss cardiopulmonary circulation-blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Compare
Systemic Circulation To
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

50. Vessels of the circulatory system
ARTERIES
What are the functions of arteries?
What are the characteristics of arteries?
Which direction do arteries flow?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

51. Vessels of the circulatory system
Arteries
Describe arterial blood.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

52. Vessels of the circulatory system
VEINS
What is the function of veins?
What are the characteristics of veins?
Which direction do veins flow?
Compare arterial and venous blood.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

53. Vessels of the circulatory system
Veins
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

54. Vessels of the circulatory system
Identify the major arteries.
Identify the major veins.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

55. Vessels of the circulatory system
What is the function of CAPILLARIES?
(*connect arterioles with venules)
What happens if this action is obstructed?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

56. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
Remember Pulse Sites?
Where do they come from?
Radial
Temporal
Brachial
Ulnar
Facial
Carotid
Popliteal
Femoral
tibialis
dorsalis pedis
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

57. Identify the pulse sites...
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

58. The most common symptom of heart disease!
CYANOSIS
The most common symptom of heart disease!
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 58

59. Circulatory disorders
*Arrhythmia-is any change from normal heart rate or rhythm; an irregular heartbeat/rate.
BRADYCARDIA
Slow heart rate
(<60 beats per minute)
TACHYCARDIA
Rapid heart rate
(>100 beats per minute)
What is the
normal range
for pulse?
72-80
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

60. Circulatory disorders
*Aneurysm-
The ballooning out or
bulging of an artery.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

61. Circulatory disorders
*Coronary artery disease
narrowing of the arteries
that supply blood to the
heart muscle; usually
caused by a build up
on the artery walls.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

62. Circulatory disorders
Arteriosclerosis-
arterial walls thicken
due to loss of elasticity
as aging occurs.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

63. Circulatory disorders
*Atherosclerosis-
deposits of fatty
substances form on
the walls of arteries.
What is the difference between
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

64. Circulatory disorders
*Angina pectoris-
Severe chest pain
due to lack of
oxygen; this could
be due to an under-
lying coronary artery
disease; this is not a heart attack-the heart will not be damaged.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

65. Circulatory disorders
*Hypertension is high blood pressure; also known as the “silent killer”.
Factors that influence high blood pressure: stress, smoking, diet high in fat, overweight, family history.
Treatment: relaxation, re-duction of fat in diet, exercise, weight loss, medication.
1 in 5 Americans
*Normal blood pressure /80
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

66. Circulatory disorders
Heart failure
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

67. Circulatory Disorders
*Heart Failure-the heart (ventricles) can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs resulting in poor circulation; the heart is weak and the blood collects in the heart.
Symptoms-venous congestion or accumulation of fluid in the tissues (EDEMA)
Treatment-reduce risk factors, exercise, mange stress, treat depression, weight loss, medications.

68. Circulatory disorders
Murmur-an extra or
unusual sound during
a heartbeat.
What is the most
common instrument
used to detect murmurs?
Stethoscope
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

69. Circulatory disorders
Myocardial infarction
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

70. Circulatory disorders
*Myocardial Infarction-commonly known as an “MI” or “heart attack” is caused by lack of blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) due to coronary artery disease; the myocardium is damaged due to the lack of blood.
*Symptoms-severe chest pain that radiates to the left shoulder, arm, neck, and jaw, increased perspiration, fatigue, dyspnea.
Treatment-IMMEDIATE! Bedrest, oxygen, meds,
possible surgery. 70

71. Circulatory disorders
Peripheral vascular disease-disease of the blood
vessels outside of the heart.
How can PVD
be prevented?
Stop smoking, lose weight, exercise,
control BP, medications
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

72. Circulatory disorders
Pulmonary edema-build up of fluid in the lungs
usually due to heart failure.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

73. Circulatory disorders
*Transient ischemic attack (TIA)-temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain; usually caused by narrowing of the carotid artery.
*Symptoms: Dizziness, weakness, fainting temporary paralysis.

74. Circulatory disorders
*Varicose veins:
swollen veins due
to slow blood flow;
may be due to long
periods of standing
or due to pregnancy.
Prevention:
Avoid excess stand-
ing, elevate legs
when possible,
support hose.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

75. Circulatory disorders
Leading Causes of Death:
The Impact of Circulatory Disorders
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

76. Relevance of nutrients to the blood and circulatory system
The circulatory system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Absorption and transport of nutrients to cells, tissues, organs, and systems
Did you know???
Vitamin K-
prevents hemorrhage
Vitamin B12-
prevents anemia
Vitamin E-
prevents hemolysis
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system