1. Clauses

2. I saw a person who was mad.
Kinds of Clause
Main Clause Sub-ordinate Clause
Independent Clause Dependent Clause
(Simple Sentence) (Complex Sentence)
Compound Sentence
I saw a person Who was mad

3. Kinds of Sub-ordinating clause
Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

4. Noun Clause :
Conjunctions - that, what, which, why
Clause :
Functions of clause :
1) The subject of a verb :
E.g. 1) When my father will return is uncertain.
2) How he got the job is secret.
2) The object of a verb :
E.g. 1) I don`t remember what he said them.
2) The teacher said that hardwork is the key to success.

5. 3) The complement of a verb :
E.g. 1) My belief is that Sachin will pass.
2) The question is where we can find the money for it.
4) The object of a preposition :
E.g. 1) He had to manage with whatever he got.
2) They quarrelled over when the wedding should
take place.

6. 5) In apposition to a noun or Pronoun :
E.g. 1) The rumour that he commited murder is true.
2) I accept the principle that all men are equal.

7. 2) The Adjective Clause :
Conjunction : who, whom, whose, which, that, as, etc
E.g. 1) This is the house that Mahesh built.
2) This is the story that my uncle told me yesterday.
3) The girl, who is a teacher, is my friend.
3) Adverb Clause :
There are nine kinds of adverb.
1) Adverb Clause of time.
Conjunction : when, after, before, as, whenever, as soon as, no sooner -- than, since, while, than, so-as, etc.
E.g. 1) No sooner did the teacher enter in the class than the students stood up.

8. 2) I went there when he called me.
2) Adverb clause of place :
Conjunction : where, wherever.
E.g. 1) Where there is a will, there is a way.
2) It is my duty to take them wherever they want to go.
3) Adverb clause of manner :
Conjunction : as, as if, as though.
E.g. 1) It looks as though it might rain.
2) She speaks as if she were Madhuri.

9. 4) Adverb clause of Degree / Comparison :
Conjunction : as - as / than
E.g. 1) Black soil is more fertile than red soil.
2) She is as pretty as a doll.
5) Adverb clause of reason :
E.g. 1) I came late because I did not get train on time.
2) Since he is my father, I respect him.

10. 6) Adverb clause of purpose :
Conjunction : so that, lest, in order to
E.g. 1) We eat so that we may live.
2) She left early lest she should miss the train.
7) Adverb clause of Result / Consequence :
Conjunction : So - that, Such - that.
E.g. He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.

11. 8) Adverb clause of condition :
Conjunction : unless, whether, in case, provided that, if.
E.g. 1) I shall agree to you provided that my expenses are paid.
2) Unless it rains, the crops will fail.
3) If you study hard, you will get good marks.
9) Adverb clause of Contrast :
Conjunction : though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, whereas.
E.g. 1) Although he is very rich, he is unhappy.
2) Even if it rains, the program will be conducted on time.
3) However hard she worked, she never succeeded.
4) whatever my relatives say, I will marry with her.