1. Preview p.82 What is depression? Draw the following continuum:
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Feeling sad Clinically depressed

2. Mood Disorders

3. Major Depression
Depressed most of the day, nearly every day, such as feeling sad, empty, or tearful
Diminished interest in all- or mostly all- activities most of the day, nearly every day
Significant weight loss, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day
Insomnia or increased desire to sleep nearly every day
Either restlessness or slowed behavior
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness, or excessive, or inappropriate guilt nearly every day
Trouble making decisions, or trouble thinking or concentrating nearly every day
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or a suicide attempt

4. The Course of Major Major Depression
Triggered by highly stressful events
Co-morbid with substance-related disorders, panic disorder, OCD, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and borderline personality disorder
“Bereavement exclusion” removed from DSM- 5

5. Prevalence An estimated 1 in 10 U.S. adults report Depression
5-10% of people with depression experience chronic MDD

6. Causes of Depression Evidence from neuroscience and genetics
Occur from generation to generation; some instances in people with no family history
Trauma, loss of a loved one, financial problems, stressful change in life patterns can trigger a depressive episode in vulnerable individuals

7. Do Now! Take out a half sheet of paper.
Associate a past experience with each word: (1-2 sentences)

8. Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)
Depressed mood for most of the day for two or more years
Poor appetite or overeating
Sleep problems
Tiredness or lack of energy
Low self-esteem
Hopelessness
Poor concentration
Trouble making decisions

9. Dysthymia Early onsent in childhood or adolescence
75% of individuals will develop MDD
Associated with poorer self-rated health status
Irritability or excessive anger
Could be linked with: reduced quality of life, major depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, anxiety, or social isolation

10. Causes of Dysthymia
Biochemical
Genes
Environment

11. Bipolar and Related Disorders
In addition to having major depressive episodes, people with bipolar disorder often experience psychotic symptoms
Recent evidence from genetic and family studies show shared vulnerabilities for these disorders

12. Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I: at least one manic or mixed episode. May or may not have experienced a major depressive episode
Bipolar II: at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (but not fully manic or mixed)
Cyclothymic: numerous hypomanic episodes and periods of depression

13. Bipolar Disorder Manic episode (at least one week):
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Unusual talkativeness
Racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increased goal-directed activity
Doing things with a high potential for painful consequences

14. Bipolar Disorder Biological: diminished brain activity
Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine abundant during manic episodes
Hormones
Inherited traits
Environment

15. The Course of Bipolar Disorder
Anxiety disorders
ADHD
Addiction or substance abuse
Physical health problems: heart disease, thyroid problems, and obesity
DSM-5 will reduce diagnoses, disruptive mood deregulation disorder

16. Process p.82 How might learning theorists explain mania?
What attributions might a person in a depressed state make about his or her behavior? Would the person be optimistic or pessimistic?