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genetics the study of the inheritance of traits
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inheritance the passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Gametes male gamete: sperm female gamete: egg
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Gametes sperm egg
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haploid a cell that has one of each kind of chromosome that is normally found in the organism
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Tall plants Short plants Axial flowers Terminal flowers Inflated pods Constricted pods Green pods Yellow pods Yellow peas Green peas Round peas Wrinkled peas
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Mendel’s Experiments tall plants and short plants
axial flowers and terminal flowers inflated pods and constricted pods yellow pods and green pods
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Mendel’s Experiments yellow peas and green peas
round peas and wrinkled peas green seed coats and white seed coats
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purebred an organism that has had the same traits for many generations
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1. Pollen-containing structures are removed from short-plant flowers.
2. Tall-plant pollen is collected using a brush. 3. Tall-plant pollen is placed onto stigmas of short-plant flowers.
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cross mating purebred plants of opposite traits to test how they inherit traits
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Mendel’s Experiments tall + short = tall ???
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F1—1st Filial Generation
Mendel’s Experiments F1—1st Filial Generation
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Mendel’s Experiments F2 Generation
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Mendel’s Experiments tall + tall = tall
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Mendel’s Experiments tall + short = tall
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hybrid an offspring of two genetically unrelated individuals
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Mendel’s Experiments Each offspring had two factors for each trait, one from each parent.
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Mendel’s Experiments Each factor in the set of two factors for a trait was either dominant or recessive.
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Mendel’s Experiments F2 Generation
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x
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TT x tt Tt (F1)
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Tt x Tt TT Tt Tt tt
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Terms phenotype genotype — tall — TT, Tt
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What Do You Think? What was the phenotype of the peas in Mendel’s F1 generation? tall
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What Do You Think? List the genotypes of the peas in the F1 generation. Tt
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tall and short What Do You Think?
What phenotypes did Mendel see in the F2 generation? tall and short
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TT, Tt, tt What Do You Think?
What genotypes did Mendel find in the F2 generation? TT, Tt, tt
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chromosome number the number of chromosomes in the nucleus
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Punnett square a diagram used to visualize genetic crosses
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parent characteristic
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parent characteristic
offspring offspring offspring offspring
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Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x tt T t t Purebred Short Parent t
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Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x Tt T t T Hybrid Tall Parent t
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Purebred Short Parent tt x tt t t t Purebred Short Parent t
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Purebred Tall Parent TT x tt T T t Tt Tt Purebred Short Parent t Tt Tt
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Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x Tt T t T TT Tt Hybrid Tall Parent t Tt tt
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TT tt 25% TT 25% Tt Tt Tt 25% Tt 25% tt
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incomplete dominance both genes influence the characteristic of an organism a type of inheritance in which the genes expressing a particular characteristic are neither dominant nor recessive;
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Hybrid CwCr x CwCr Cw Cr Cw CwCw CwCr Hybrid Cr CwCr CrCr
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codominance a type of inheritance pattern where two traits are equally expressed
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HBHB x HWHW Chestnut HB HB HW HBHW HBHW White HW HBHW HBHW
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multiple gene inheritance
two or more gene pairs are responsible for producing a single trait
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X chromosome the female sex chromosome
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Y chromosome the male sex chromosome
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XX x XY X X X XX XX Y XY XY
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sex-linked trait a characteristic that has a gene on the X-chromosome but no gene on the Y-chromosome
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XgY x XGXG Xg Y XG XG
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carrier an individual who possesses a gene for a specific trait but does not exhibit that trait
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XgY x XGXG Xg Y XG XGXg XGY XG XGXg XGY
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XGY x XGXg XG Y XG XGXG XGY Xg XGXg XgY
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