1. Chemistry Brief Intro.
Module 2

3. Element- pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

4. Molecules: formed when 2 or more atoms (of the same or different elements) are held together by a chemical bond.
Elements and Molecules video clip

5. Chemical Compounds – substance formed by the chemical bond of two or more elements in definite proportions
o Physical and chemical properties very different from the elements that are used to form the compound
 For example, sodium is a silver-colored metal that is soft enough to cut with a knife. It reacts explosively with cold water. Chlorine is a very reactive, poisonous, greenish gas that was used in battles during World War I.
 However, the compound sodium chloride--table salt--is a white solid that dissolves easily in water, is not poisonous, and is essential for the survival of most living things.

6. What do the formulas for table salt, NaCl, and water, H2O, indicate about these compounds?
Sodium and Chlorine Reaction

7. Chemical Bonds- attraction between atoms that hold them together
Share electrons/Weak
Gain or lose electrons/strong bond
Share electrons/medium strength

8. Acids, Bases, and pH
Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?

9. Acids, Bases, and pH
Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?
Buffers dissolved in life’s fluids play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in organisms.

10. Acids, Bases, and pH
Water molecules sometimes split apart to form hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
This reaction can be summarized by a chemical equation in which double arrows are used to show that the reaction can occur in either direction.

11. Acids, Bases, and pH
In pure water, about 1 water molecule in 550 million splits to form ions in this way.
Because the number of positive hydrogen ions produced is equal to the number of negative hydroxide ions produced, pure water is neutral.

12. The pH Scale The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
Chemists devised a measurement system called the pH scale to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
At a pH of 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH– ions is equal. Pure water has a pH of 7.

13. The pH Scale
Solutions with a pH below 7 are called acidic because they have more H+ ions than OH– ions. The lower the pH, the greater the acidity.
Solutions with a pH above 7 are called basic because they have more OH– ions than H+ ions. The higher the pH, the more basic the solution.

14. Acids
An acid is any compound that forms H+ ions in solution.
Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7. Strong acids tend to have pH values that range from 1 to 3. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid produced by the stomach to help digest food.

15. Bases
A base is a compound that produces hydroxide (OH–) ions in solution.
Basic, or alkaline, solutions contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7. Strong bases, such as the lye (commonly NaOH) used in soapmaking, tend to have pH values ranging from 11 to 14.

16. Indicator
Colorless indicator

17. Buffers-
Crash Course

18. DEMO pgs. 2B/2C