1. Reconstruction

2. Three Phases
Lincoln’s 10% Plan-Proposed toward the end of the war ( )
Presidential Reconstruction under President Andrew Johnson
Radical Reconstruction

3. Special Field Order No. 15 “Forty Acres and a Mule”
South Carolina, Georgia, Sea Islands

4. Issued by General William Sherman
40 acre plots of land to black families
Land confiscated by the Union army
Mules army could no longer use
Revoked in the same year by President Johnson

5. 10% Plan
If 10% (based on 10% of the voters in the 1860 election) of white southerners took an oath affirming loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation then those states could elect a new state government
Oath did not apply to Confederate government officials and high ranking military leaders
New government would have to abolish slavery
Amnesty and full rights for white southerners
Property rights for slaves

6. Lincoln’s plan offered leniency to southern whites. Why?
Lincoln’s idea is opposed by certain members of Congress
Wade-Davis Bill (1864) (Benjamin Wade, Ohio and Henry Winter Davis, Maryland)
Required a majority of southern whites to pledge support to the Union before Reconstruction could begin
Blacks-equality before the law but not the right to vote
Lincoln refuses to sign it

7. The 13th Amendment Signed by James Buchanan
"ARTICLE THIRTEEN, No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State."
Signed by President Buchanan on March 2, 1861

8. 13th Amendment
January 1865
13th Amendment abolished slavery throughout the entire Union
Introduced the word slavery in the Constitution for the first time

9. The Freedman’s Bureau (1865-1870)
Established by Congress in 1865
Purpose was to provide practical aid and assistance to 4,000,000 freed blacks
Examples-schools, aid, settle disputes between white and blacks, equal treatment before the court
Best accomplishments were the formation of schools and medical aid

10. Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)
Summer 1865-Gave all federally owned land back to their white owners
Pardon all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance
Provisional governors who would organize a state convention (white only)
New governments-free hand in local affairs
Johnson declares Reconstruction done by December 1865
Black Codes turn Republican North against the President

11. Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
After President Johnson’s decision, a large number of former slaves return to white owned plantations for work
Poor
Discrimination
“Crop Lien”
Poor White Yeomen Farmers (Thomas Jefferson)

12. Making of Radical Reconstruction
President Andrew Johnson
Former governor of Tennessee
Strong defender of the Union
As a senator, stayed in post when Civil War began
Named military governor by Lincoln in 1864
**Racist**-no blacks had a role in Reconstruction
Believed states never left Union

13. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Leaders are Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
Free labor for all men
Advancement through economic opportunity
New state governments without former Confederate leaders
Right to vote for blacks

15. Civil Rights Bill of 1866
First major piece of legislation during Reconstruction
All persons born in US were citizens
Equality before the law
State could no longer enact Black Codes
Johnson vetoed this bill
Congress overrides veto

16. 14th Amendment June 1866 Due process Equal protection under the law
Birthright citizenship to former slaves or slaves born in this country

17. Reconstruction Act (1867) South divided in five military districts
New state governments
Blacks given right to vote
Leads to poll taxes and literacy tests

18. “The Tocsin of Freedom”
Former slaves and blacks serving in public office
By 1870, 2,000 blacks in elected office
New state constitutions
State funded public education
Institutions for the mentally ill
Equality before the law

19. Impeachment March 1867-Congress passes Tenure of Office Act
States that President couldn’t remove certain office holders, including cabinet members w/o Senate approval
Johnson removes Edward M. Stanton (Secretary of War)
Johnson impeached/Trial in Senate
Falls one vote short of being removed from office
1868-Republicans nominate Ulysses S. Grant for President

20. 15th Amendment
Prohibited federal and/or state governments from denying anyone the right to vote based on race
Amendment ratified in 1870

21. “The Redeemers”
Democrats in Tennessee, South Carolina, and Texas in the 1870
“Redeemed” South from northern and black control of south
Public was “tired” of Reconstruction

22. End of Reconstruction Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (R-Ohio)
Samuel Tilden (D-NY)
Tilden-more popular votes
Electoral College-Hayes 184, Tilden 183
Both parties claim to have won S.C., Florida, and Louisiana
Winner of these states would be next President

23. Outcome 15 Member Electoral Commission decides election
Republicans hold an 8-7 majority
Behind the scenes, the following compromise is reached
Hayes becomes President
Troops pull out of South
Southerner becomes Post Master General
Hayes agrees to pay for Internal Improvements in the South

24. “Solid South”-South votes exclusively Democratic until the election of Ronald Reagan as President in 1980
“New South”-Southerners who did well economically-railroads, industry, business