1. (Equilibrium) Phase Diagram H2O
Phase diagrams and phase transitions of unary systems
Solids
Phase transitions
Phase transition temperature
Kinetics vs thermodynamics
Metastable phases
Phase boundaries
Boiling point
Melting point
Triple point
Critical point
Polymorphic forms
Solid
(Equilibrium) Phase Diagram H2O

2. 1 bar
Phase Diagram H2O

3. H-bonding
1 bar
Tfus = Tcryst = K
Phase Diagram H2O

4. l g
1 bar
Tvap = K
Phase Diagram H2O

5. 1 bar
611 Pa
0.006 bar
Triple point K
Phase Diagram H2O

6. Phase Diagram H2O Super critical sc Critical point 220.6 bar 1 bar
Triple point
647.1 K
Phase Diagram H2O

7. g g l l T
Critical point

8. T < Tc(ritical) T > Tc H2O Critical point T Critical point
220.6 bar g g
647.1 K sc
Super critical
H2O l l T
Critical point

9. Critical point
1 bar
Triple point
H-bonding
Phase Diagram H2O

10. Polymorphic (solid state) phase transitions
T < 40 ºC T > 40 ºC T > 60 ºC (Tfus = 70 ºC)
Venlafaxine

11. Polymorphic forms characterized using X-Ray Powder Diffraction

12. Polymorphic phase transitions characterized using
Differential Scanning Calorimetry

13. CO2 4He 1 bar 1 bar “dry ice” ambient conditions sublimation point
at 1 bar
“dry ice”
CO2
4He

14. Phase transitions in phase diagrams of unary systems

15. (H2O)

16. (H2O)
(H2O)

17. (H2O) K K
1 bar
0.006 bar
(H2O)
(H2O)

19. Clapeyron
Clausius-Clapeyron

20. Ehrenfest classification of phase transitions
Second order
First order

21. Kinetic roughening transition for naphthalene crystals in a toluene solution

23. } C = 1 F = 2 P = 1 Gibbs phase rule F = C – P + 2
F: # degrees of freedom
C: # components
P: # phases

24. }
C = 1
F = 1
P = 2
Gibbs phase rule
F = C – P + 2

25. }
C = 1
F = 0
P = 3
Gibbs phase rule
F = C – P + 2

26. }
C = 1
F = -1
P = 4
Gibbs phase rule
F = C – P + 2