1. SUBSTANCE ABUSE prevention
PATH 216 Mohamed M. B. Alnoor

2. Contents
Definitions
Symptoms and Signs of substance abuse
Initiation of substance use
Why do people use alcohol and
other drugs
Consequences of substance abuse
Risk factors & Protective factors of
substance abuse
Prevention of substance abuse

3. Definitions SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Substance abuse: is the behavior of excessive use of a substance to
modify or control mood or state of mind
in a manner that is illegal or harmful to oneself or others.

4. Potential consequences of abuse include
Definitions
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Potential consequences of abuse include
Accidents or injuries
Blackouts
Legal problems
Poor job performance
Family problems
Sexual behavior that increases the risk of HIV infection

5. Definitions SUBSTANCE ABUSE “Substance”
The word “substance” in substance abuse, is any chemical agent (natural or artificial) that affects the mind and is abusively used .
Alcohol
Illegal street drugs
Addictive prescription and over the counter drugs.
Other mind altering substances , and
Tobacco.
Substance: Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana, Inhalants, Cocaine, Stimulants/Depressants, Hallucinogens, Narcotics and Designer Drugs 

6. SUBSTANCE ABUSE Symptoms and Signs Emotionally Behaviorally Physically
Abuse of alcohol and other drugs affects people:
Emotionally
Behaviorally
Physically
Symptoms and Signs of substance abuse: Emotional effects: Aggression, burnout , anxiety, depression, paranoia and denial. Behavioral effects: Slow reaction time , impaired coordination , slowed or slurred speech , irritability , excessive talking , inability to sit still , limited attention span and poor motivation or lack of energy. Physical effects: Weight loss, sweating , chills and smell of alcohol

7. Definitions SUBSTANCE ABUSE “tolerance”
"Tolerance" describes changes in the way an addict reacts to a drug, where he needs more of the drug to get the same effect as before. OR
When after repeated administration, increasingly larger doses of a drug must be administered to obtain the same effects with the original use.

8. “Substance dependence”
Definitions
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
“Substance dependence”
The physiological state of neuro-adaptation produced by repeated administration of the drug, necessitating continued administration to prevent the appearance of the withdrawal syndrome
Substance dependence is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring any time in the same 12-month period: Tolerance, withdrawal, substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use, a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects, important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use, or substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance
Alcoholism means “alcohol dependence

9. “Substance dependence”
Definitions
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
“Substance dependence”
additional problems:
Experiences withdrawal when not using.
Seems unable to stop.
Preoccupied by “getting” and “using”.
Tolerance(needs more to get the same effect).
Gives up important things in order to use.
Compulsions or cravings to keep using.
Rebound.
Withdrawal: The psychological and physiological reactions to abrupt cessation of a dependence-producing drug.
Rebound: The exaggerated expression of the original condition sometimes experienced by patients immediately after cessation of an effective treatment

10. Understanding Addiction
Definitions
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
“Substance dependence”
Understanding Addiction
For 10% of people, abuse addiction.
Addiction to alcohol and other drugs is:
Chronic
Basic components of disease model: Chronic: Once you have developed an addiction problem to deal with it, recovery requires life long abstinence and active participation in recovery groups. Progressive - There are signs and symptoms of addiction, no known cure, affecting every area of a the addict's life: physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. Addiction gets worse over time - can be gradual or rapid, depending on the drug. Repeated use causes progressive damage. Primary – It is the main problem that needs to be treated, not secondary to something else. Terminal/Permanent – once addicted to a drug, always addicted and to all drugs, not just the drug of choice. If not stopped, often leads to disease and possibly death. Disease is marked by denial, The user often seems to be the last to know that his life is out of control. There are effective strategies employed by professionals for helping to break through this denial, which must be overcome before treatment can take place.
Progressive
Primary
Terminal/Permanent
Characterized by denial

11. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “Initiation of substance use” Internationally
Smoking is the ENTERANCE
Risk to move on to marijuana is 65 times greater for persons who smoke or drink
Risk to move on to cocaine is 104 times greater for persons who used marijuana
The more risk factors someone has the greater likelihood to use substances.

12. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “use” people use alcohol Ways that and other drugs
Experimentation
Social/Recreational
As a stress reliever

13. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “use” people use alcohol Why do and other drugs
Substance use as outlet for emotional
and physical stressors in life
Financial and work problems
Used to boost self image.
Used to fit in/be accepted
Insufficient knowledge about drugs and their effects

14. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “Consequences” individual level family level
In addition to effects on the body, other consequences occur at
individual level
family level
community level.
CONSEQUENCES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE: At individual level: Aggressiveness, injuring himself or others, driving harming himself and others, infections at injection sites or blood borne (hepatitis B and C, and HIV), smoking leading to lung cancer and life revolves around substance use. At family level: Money on substance leads to family conflicts, family conflict becomes destructive emotionally and/or physically, money on substance replace other family needs and money on substance use treatment drains family resources. At community level: To get money, substance abusers may steal, use violence or engage in crime, drug syndicates may commit violent crimes and/or recruit youth for illegal activities and violence and illegal activity that may harm individuals and/or create a climate of mistrust.

15. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “Who uses substance ?” “FACTORS” “RISK FACTORS ”
“PROTECTIVE FACTORS ”
Risk factors: Factors associated with greater potential to use substances: 1. Chaotic home environment. 2. Ineffective parenting. 3. Little mutual attachment and nurturing. 4. Parental/sibling substance abuse or mental illness. 5. Academic failure. 6. Inappropriate/shy classroom behavior. 7. Poor social coping skills. 8. Perceived external approval of drug use(peer, family, community). 9. Affiliations with deviant persons.
Protective factors: Factors associated with reduced potential to use substances:1. Strong family bonds. 2. Parental engagement in child's life. 3. Clear parental expectations & consequences. 4. Academic success. 5. Conventional norms about drugs and alcohol. 6. Strong bonds with pro-social institutions (School, Community, Mosque).

16. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “PREVENTION” Primary prevention Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

17. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “PREVENTION” Primary prevention
To prevent initiation of substance use or delaying the age at which use begins.
TWO STRATEGIES
1- to reduce supply
Actions aimed to reduce supply: (based on the principle that the decreased availability of substances reduces the opportunities for abuse and dependence).
Actions aimed to reduce demand: (including health promotion and disease prevention).
2- to reduce demand

18. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “PREVENTION” Primary prevention “RISK FACTORS ”
To prevent initiation of substance use or delaying the age at which use begins.
To reduce demand
“RISK FACTORS ”
“PROTECTIVE FACTORS ”

19. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “PREVENTION” Secondary prevention
To target individuals in the early stages of psychoactive substance use, in order to prevent substance use becoming a problem and thereby limit the degree of damage to the individual.

20. SUBSTANCE ABUSE “PREVENTION” Tertiary prevention
To end dependence and minimize problems resulting from use/abuse. This
is to enable the individual to achieve and maintain an improved level of functioning and health.
This is also called rehabilitation and relapse prevention.