1. PROTEINS Polymers (long chains) of AMINO ACIDS
arranged in specific sequence
linked by PEPTIDE BONDS
range in length from a
few to 1000+

2. AMINO ACIDS building blocks of proteins
there are 20 common amino acids
structure of an amino acid:
elements included in a
protein:
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-sulfur (usually)

3. Amino acids are linked together through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to form PEPTIDE BONDS

4. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
a protein’s function depends on its specific 3-D shape

7. Protein Shape: determined by environmental conditions
DENATURATION: protein loses its natural shape, and therefore loses its function! This can be caused by:
extreme heat
pH changes

8. HEAT

9. Functions of Proteins structural support (e.g. hair, nails)
signaling (e.g. hormones)

10. Functions of Proteins • movement (contraction of muscles)
transporting oxygen in the
blood

11. Functions of Proteins • defense (antibodies of immune system)
catalysis of reactions (ENZYMES)

12. PROTEINS WORKING AS ENZYMES
are proteins
control the speed of reactions (often they increase the speed of reactions)

13. • are not changed or “used up” by a reaction; can be used over and over

14. each enzyme is specific to a SUBSTRATE
SUBSTRATE = the substance the enzyme acts on
Substrate ==> enzyme-sub.==> product
complex
enzyme enzyme

16. ACTIVE SITE = region of an enzyme which binds to the substrate
is usually a pocket or groove on surface
compatible “fit” between shape of enzyme’s active site and shape of substrate

19. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature:
as temp increases, reaction rate increases
BUT, if temp gets too high, enzyme denatures and loses its shape and function
optimal range for human enzymes: 35-40°C

21. pH: -optimal range for most enzymes: pH 6-8
*some enzymes operate best at extremes of pH (e.g. digestive enzyme pepsin, found in the acidic environment of the stomach, works best at pH 2)

22. Nucleic Acids nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Two types of nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA

23. Structure of Nucleic Acids
polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES
Elements present:
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus

24. each nucleotide consists
of:
1. a simple sugar
-deoxyribose in DNA
-ribose in RNA
2.   phosphate group
3.   a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are A, G, C, and T)

25. nucleotides are joined together in DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate...

26. 1. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
forms the genetic code - the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences) of an organisms’ proteins
is copied and passed
from one generation
of cells to another

27. 2. RNA = Ribonucleic acid functions in the actual
synthesis of proteins
coded for by DNA