2. Biology = the study of life What does it mean to be alive??? There are 8 characteristics of life... –No single characteristic is enough to describe a living thing... –They must have all eight.

3. All living things share some basic properties. 1.Cellular Organization 2.Reproduction 3.Metabolism (Obtain and Use Energy) 4.Homeostasis 5.Heredity 6.Responsiveness 7.Growth and Development 8.Adapt Through Evolution

4. Unicellular Organisms Entire organism is made up of one single cell Entire organism is made up of one single cell Includes all Bacteria and most Protists Includes all Bacteria and most Protists A cell is the smallest unit capable of all life functions 1

5. Multicellular Organisms The organism is made up of many cells The organism is made up of many cells Cells have specialized functions within the organism Cells have specialized functions within the organism

6. Reproduction is the process of producing new organisms of the same type Asexual Reproduction A single parent organism reproducing by itself A single parent organism reproducing by itself Results in offspring which are identical to the parent Results in offspring which are identical to the parent 2

7. Sexual Reproduction Two different parent organisms contribute genetic information Two different parent organisms contribute genetic information Involves the combination of male and female sex cells Involves the combination of male and female sex cells Results in unique offspring that are combination of both parents Results in unique offspring that are combination of both parents

8. Living organisms need energy to grow, develop, repair damage, and reproduce 3 autotrophs use the suns energy to make food heterotrophs eat other organisms to get their energy

9. Anabolism The process of building up complex substances from simpler substances which incudes: Building up cells and cellular components Photosynthesis Protein synthesis

10. Catabolism The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler substances to release energy which includes: Digestion Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration

11. Metabolism The total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Includes the energy producing and energy using processes Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism

12. A stable state of conditions in the body that are necessary for life which include: Body temperature Body temperature Blood volume Blood volume pH balance pH balance Water balance Water balance 4

13. Maintaining internal balance Despite changing conditions around them, organism must keep their internal conditions stable/balanced. **Homeostasis = the process of keeping the internal environment stable/balance/constant

14. Genes carry hereditary information Genes are composed of DNA Heredity is possible because all living things possess a genetic code 5 ***DNA = DNA is the genetic code found in every cell. DNA is inherited from parents and controls your traits.

15. Heredity is the reason children resemble their parents Mutations change DNA code and can be passed from generation to generation

16. Organisms react to stimuli: Light Light Temperature Temperature Odor Odor Sound Sound Gravity Gravity Heat Heat Water Water Pressure Pressure An example is a plant’s leaves and stems growing toward light 6

17. Response to the environment **Internal stimuli = signal comes from inside the organism **Organisms detect and respond to STIMULI (or signals) from their environment. **External stimuli = signal comes from outside the organism

18. Growth means to get bigger in size 7

19. Development involves a change in the physical form or physiological make-up of an organism **All living things grow and develop during at least part of their life. The metamorphosis of a tadpole into a frog or a caterpillar into a butterfly are examples

20. Adaptation A process that enables organisms to become better suited to their environment A process that enables organisms to become better suited to their environment Species obtain adaptations through evolution over great periods of time Species obtain adaptations through evolution over great periods of time 8

21. An Example of Adaptation Desert plants have succulent waxy leaves and stems to store water and reduce water loss

22. To evolve means to change over time Over hundreds, thousands, and millions of years, organisms have the potential to change = evolution