1. APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

2. C2WSNs Characteristics: end devices (sensors) are one radio hop away from a terrestrially homed forwarding node Sensor nodes (i.e., the WNs) do not support communications on behalf of any other sensor nodes forwarding node supports only static routing to the terrestrial network, and/or only one physical link to the terrestrial network is present (Non cooperative) Radio link is measured in hundreds of meters forwarding node does not support data processing or reduction on behalf of the sensor nodes relatively simple

4. C1WSN Characteristics: devices (sensors) are permitted to be more than one radio hop away from a routing or forwarding node sensor nodes can support communications on behalf of other sensor nodes by acting as repeaters forwarding node is a wireless router that supports dynamic routing(finding the best route to the destination); more than one physical link to the rest of the network is physically and logically present (cooperative) the radio links are measured in thousands of meters forwarding node can support data processing or reduction on behalf of the sensor nodes relatively complex and ‘‘meshy’’

6. Applications

22. C2WSN Examples: Home Control management of lighting, heating, and cooling systems from anywhere in the home. automate control of multiple home systems to improve conservation, convenience, and safety. capture highly detailed electric, water, and gas utility usage data. embed intelligence to optimize consumption of natural resources. enable the installation, upgrading, and networking of a home control system without wires. enable one to configure and run multiple systems from a single remote control. support the straightforward installation of wireless sensors to monitor a wide variety of conditions. facilitate the reception of automatic notification upon detection of unusual events.

26. Building Automation integrate and centralize management of lighting, heating, cooling, and security automate control of multiple systems to improve conservation, flexibility, and security reduce energy expenses through optimized HVAC management enable one to allocate utility costs equitably based on actual consumption enable the rapid reconfiguring of lighting systems to create adaptable workspaces. enable the extension and upgrading of building infrastructure with minimal effort. enable one to network and integrate data from multiple access control points. enable one to deploy wireless monitoring networks to enhance perimeter protection.

29. Industrial Automation extend existing manufacturing and process control systems reliably. improve asset management by continuous monitoring of critical equipment reduce energy costs through optimized manufacturing processes help identify inefficient operation or poorly performing equipment help automate data acquisition from remote sensors to reduce user intervention. provide detailed data to improve preventive maintenance programs. help deploy monitoring networks to enhance employee and public safety. help streamlining data collection for improved compliance reporting.

31. Specific applications for industrial and commercial spaces Warehouses, fleet management, factories, supermarkets, office complexes Gas, water, and electric meters Smoke, CO, and H2O detectors Refrigeration cage or appliance Equipment management services and preventive maintenance Security services Lighting control Assembly line and workflow and inventory Materials processing systems (heat, gas flow, cooling, chemical) Gateway or field service links to sensors and equipment (monitored to support preventive maintenance, status changes, diagnostics, energy use, etc.) Remote monitoring from corporate headquarters of assets, billing, and energy management

32. Medical Applications pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency care, disaster response, and stroke patient rehabilitation. home monitoring for chronic and elderly patients collection of long-term medical information that populates databases of clinical data

36. EXAMPLES OF CATEGORY 1 WSN APPLICATIONS Sensor and Robots: mobile robotics and wireless sensor networks converged inexpensive standards-based hardware, open- source operating systems, and off-the-shelf connectivity modules are required mobile robot acting as a gateway sensor network can be equipped with IEEE 802.11 capabilities to bridge the gap between robotics and wireless networks

38. Reconfigurable Sensor Networks capable of forming networks on the fly, assembling themselves without central control, and being deployed incrementally. Reconfigurable ‘‘smart’’ WNs are self-aware, self- configurable, and autonomous. utilize mechanisms that allow newly deployed WNs to establish connectivity (to build up a network topology) spontaneously mechanisms for managing WN mobility (if any), WN reconfiguration, and WN failure tactical and surveillance arrangements in military applications

39. Highway Monitoring Traffic Pulse Technology - to collect data through a sensor network, process and store the data in a data center, and distribute those data through a variety of applications targeted for open-air environments installed along major highways; the digital sensor network gathers lane-by-lane data on travel speeds, lane occupancy, and vehicle counts to calculate average speeds and travel times. monitors roadway conditions continuously on a 24/7 basis and provides updates to the data center in real time

41. Military Applications Condition based monitoring for monitoring complex machinery and processes integrated vehicle health management system Condition based maintenance(CBM) challenge faced by WSNs for machinery and process monitoring is related to the quality of the information produced by both the individual sensors and the distributed sensor network deployed throughout space vehicles to perform a variety of missions during the different phases of the space flight

43. Military Surveillance large arrays of distributed sensors for both security and surveillance applications added feature of robust, self-organizing networking makes WSNs deployable by untrained troops in essentially any situation able to provide redundant and hence highly reliable information on threats as well as the ability to localize threats primary challenge facing WSNs is accurate identification of the signal being sensed

44. Civil and Environmental Engineering Applications to develop sensor technology that is applicable for buildings, bridges, and other structures goal is to develop ‘‘smart structures’’ that are able to self-diagnose potential problems and self- prioritize requisite repairs for earthquake-active zones battery-powered matchbox-sized WNs operating on TinyOS are designed to sense a number of factors wired seismic accelerometers (devices able to measure movement) have been used

46. Wildfire Instrumentation for life safety considerations allows predictive analysis of evolving fire behavior FireBugs are small wireless sensors (motes) based on TinyOS that self-organize into networks for collecting real-time data in wildfire environments