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A Technical Review of Proper Masonry Detailing
Matthew A. Dettman, P.E.
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Overview Water Penetration Resistance Differential Movement
Wall Systems Flashing and Weep holes Coatings Differential Movement Cracking Movement Joints
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Problems related to water penetration
Water entry into interior Efflorescence Spalling Corrosion Reduced insulating capacity Staining / Mold / Mildew
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Keys to Providing Water Penetration Resistance
Quality Materials Good Construction Proper detailing Maintenance
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Keys to Providing Water Penetration Resistance
Quality Materials Good Construction Proper detailing Maintenance
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Three Basic Wall Types Drainage Wall Barrier Wall Single Wythe Wall
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Drainage Wall
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Drainage Wall Water travels down back side of outer wythe, collected on flashing, and channeled to exterior through weep holes Examples: Cavity walls Masonry veneer walls Rain screen walls
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Drainage Walls Requirements
2 to 4 ½ inch clear cavity Flashing and weep holes to channel out excessive water
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Rain Screen Wall Equalizes pressure within cavity
Vents at top and bottom of wall or panel Flashing and weep holes Compartmentalized Allows for ventilation and evaporation
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Barrier Wall Collar joint between wythes acts a barrier to moisture along with the thickness of the wall Examples Brick and Block Composite Wall
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Barrier Wall Voids allow water penetration
Must be filled solid with mortar or grout
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Single Wythe Walls
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Single Wythe Masonry units with coating or integral water repellent
Mortar with integral water repellent Through-wall flashing Weep Holes Vents
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Flashing Details Locations Placement
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Flashing Locations base of wall sills heads of windows at shelf angles
copings lower wall/ higher roof intersection other discontinuities in air space
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Good Flashing Detail
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Poor Detail
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Drip Edge
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SS Drip Edge
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Shelf Angles
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Flashing Single Wythe Walls
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Flashing with Shear Transfer
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Flashing Reinforced Wall
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End Dams
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Flashing Laps
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Drainage Materials
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Weep Holes
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Weep Tubes
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Vent Weep Holes
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Rope Wicks
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Flashing Materials Sheet Metal Composites Plastic and Rubber Compounds
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Sheet Metals Material Advantages Disadvantages Hard to solder and form
Damaged by excessive flexing and can stain Difficult to solder, corrodes early in acidic and salty air Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled Copper Galvanized Steel Durable, non staining Durable Easy to paint and durable Stainless steel is technically any of a large and complex group of corrosion resistant iron chromium alloys possessing excellent weather and chemical resisting properties. Preformed sections must be properly sized so that modification on the site is minimal. Typical: Type 304 stainless steel with a minimum thickness of in. (0.25 mm). Lapped sections must be soldered. Stainless steel drip edges used in combination with other flashing materials also works well. Copper is a non-ferrous metal with good ductility. Like stainless steel, it also possesses excellent weather and chemical resistant properties. Preformed sections are easier to modify in the field. Be careful of green patina stains! Galvanized steel is less expensive than stainless, but is more subject to attack from salts and acids. The galvanized coating may also crack at bends, lowering the corrosion resistance. As with stainless, hard to solder laps.
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Composites Material Advantages Disadvantages
Difficult to solder, damaged by excessive flexing, metal drip edge suggested Degrades in UV light, more easily torn than metal Lead-coated copper Copper laminates Flexible, durable, non-staining Easy to form Some companies provide flashings that have combined metals and plastics. Copper composites are popular since they combine the durability and malleability of copper with non-staining characteristics of the plastic coating. Composites containing aluminum should be avoided.
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Plastics and Rubber Compounds
Material Advantages Disadvantages Flexible, easy to form, non-staining Fully adhered, separate lap adhesive not needed, self healing, flexible, easy to form and join Easy to form and join, non-staining, low cost Aesthetics if not used with a metal drip edge, full support recommended Full support required, degrades in UV light, metal drip edge required Easily damaged, full support required, metal drip edge required, questionable durability EPDM Rubberized asphalt PVC Plastics are categorized as polymeric materials of large molecular weight, usually polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene. Manufacturers of plastic flashings should be consulted for documentation establishing the longevity of the plastic in a caustic environment (pH = 12.5 to 13.5), the composition of the plastic, ease of working at temperatures ranging from 20 to 100°F and ability to withstand exposure to ultraviolet light. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber that is used as a single ply roofing membrane as well as flashing. It has better low temperature performance than PVC and will not embrittle. It offers ultraviolet light and ozone resistance and can be left exposed. Self-adhering, rubberized asphalt membranes consist of a composite of flexible plastic film for puncture and tear resistance combined with a rubberized asphalt adhesive layer. This material adheres to itself, requiring less effort to seal laps or corners which speeds installation. It also self-adhered to the substrate which prevents water form migrating under the flashing and is self-healing in the event of punctures. However, it should not be applied to damp, dirty, or dusty surfaces and has a typical lower limit installation temperature of 25 °F. Because it degrades in the presence of extended UV exposure, it should not be left exposed and requires a metal drip edge.
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Bldg felt and poly sheeting
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Colorless Coatings Used for a variety of reasons
Recommended for Concrete Masonry Questionable for Clay Masonry
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Possible Dangers Water can still penetrate Could cause spalling
If efflorescence occurs under coating, it may be impossible to remove Recoating will be necessary
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Coating Types Colorless Coatings Paints
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Colorless Coatings Penetrating Film-forming Silanes Siloxanes Acrylics
Stearates
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Coating Types Paints Cement based Latex Alkyd Oil-based Paints
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Differential Movement
Movements Temperature Movement Moisture Movement Elastic Deformation Movement Joints Design Placement
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Causes of Cracking Differential Movement Restraint Settlement
Elastic Deformations Creep
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Types of Movement
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Temperature Movement Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Brick = 3.6 x 10-6 Concrete Masonry = 4.3 x 10-6 Aluminum = 12.8 x 10-6 Steel = 6.5 x 10-6
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Moisture Movement Brick - irreversible expansion
Concrete masonry – drying shrinkage and carbonation
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Types of Movement Joints
Expansion Joint - Brick Masonry Control Joint - Concrete Masonry Building Joint - Structures
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Expansion Joint Used in Clay Masonry
Used to separate brick into sections so cracking will not occur Horizontal / Vertical Entire joint is unobstructed and formed from a highly elastic, continuous material
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Types of Expansion Joints (Details)
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Expansion Joint
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Typical Spacing and Locations of Expansion Joints
Long Walls Corners Setbacks & Offsets Parapet walls Beneath shelf angles
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Expansion Joints at Corners
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Horizontal Expansion Joint
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False Horizontal EJ
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Hiding Expansion Joints
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Control Joint Used in Concrete Masonry
Relieve horizontal tensile stresses Reduce restraint and permit longitudinal movement Separate dissimilar materials
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Types of Control Joints
Pre-formed gasket Formed paper Special shape units
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Pre-formed Gasket
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Formed Paper (also known as Michigan Joint)
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Special Shape Unit
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Joint Reinforcement at CJ
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Bond Beams Do not cut bond beam reinforcement unless specifically indicated on the plans
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Control Joint Locations
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Control Joint Spacing Two methods: Empirical Engineered
based on historical performance Engineered based on a crack control coefficient
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Empirical Control Joint Criteria
Spacing for above grade exposed concrete masonry walls Distance between joints is the lesser of: Length to height ratio or 1 ½ feet Notes: Based on horizontal reinforcement of in.2/ft Applies to both Type I and Type II units Can be modified based on local experience
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Engineered Crack Control Criteria
Criteria for Controlling Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls Crack Control Coefficient in./in. (mm/mm) ________________ __________ __________ ___ Maximum wall _length, ft (m)_________25 (7.62)__20 (6.10) panel dimensions_ length/height ratio_ _____2 ½ ______2___ Min. horizontal reinf. ratio As/An Notes: As = cross-sectional area of steel, in2/ft (mm2/m) An = net cross-sectional area of masonry, in2/ft (mm2/m)
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Engineered Crack Control Criteria (cont.)
Notes: Need not apply if As/An > see Table 4. See Table 3 for As/An = minimum requirement. Minimum reinforcement ratio need not apply if length is < ½ maximum length shown in table. CCC’s less than may be available in some areas and spacing should be adjusted accordingly. Control joint spacing may be adjusted up or down based on local experience.
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Table 3—Maximum Spacing of Hor. Reinf. for A > 0.0007A
1 Wall thick in. Maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement, in. (mm) Reinforcement size #5 #4 #3 4x 3/16 4 x 8 gage 4 x 9 2x 2 x 8 2 x 9 Ungrouted or partially grouted walls 6 144 128 64 72 56 48 40 24 8 96 32 16 10 136 80 12 120 1. A includes cross-sectional area of grout in bond beams.
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Brick and Block Together
Align Expansion Joints and Control Joints
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Bond Breaks Use to separate bands of different masonry types
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