1. INTRODCTION TO MACROMOLECULES

2.   A homogeneous non-crystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through another substance  Colloids includes gel, sols and emulsions, the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension. COLLOIDS:

3.   Aggregation of macromolecules  Have weak forces between them( VANDER WALL FORCES)  Have suspended molecules

4.   In Chemistry,a Colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance.  Colloidal Solution :  A colloidal solution, occasionally identified as a colloidal suspension, is a mixture in which the substances are regularly suspended in a fluid. A colloid is a minutely small material that is regularly spread out all through another substance.  Diagram Of Colloidal Solution:

6.   Generated from monomers  Have covalent bond  Every polymer is a macromolecules  Every macromolecule is not polymer A-A-A-(A)*-A….A” MACRO.MOLECLES : Ending units monomers

7. Polymers Classification 1.Synthetic Polymers 2. Biological Plolymers Step wise reax / Condensat ion In Terms Of Stereoregul arity In Terms Of Repeating Unit On The Basis Of Structure Addition / Chain Reax Linear Branched Star Shaped Comb Shaped Homo Polymer Co Polymer Diblock Random Syndi oTacti c Iso Tactic Atactic

8.  Biological Polymers ProteinsNucleic AcidsSugar

9.  Difference between synthetic and biological polymers  man made  Small no. of identical repeating unit  A-B-C-D-E-A-G-H-J----  flexible  Natural  Large no. of identical repeating units  A-B-C-A-D-A-F-A----  Less flexible

10.  Difference Between Synthetic and Biological Polymers  Synthetic Polymers :  Syntehtic Polymers are derived from petroleum oil.  These Polymers are Man Made.  In Synthetic Polymers Repeating Unit Is small.  These Polymers are Flexible in nature.  Biological Polymers :  Biological Polymers are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together in a chain like fashion.  These Polymers are not Man Made.In Biological Polymers Repeating Unit Is large.  These Polymers are not Flexible.

11.   Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together losing small molecules as by product such as water or methanol.  example CONDENSATION POLYMERS

12.   An addition polymer is a polymer that forms by simple linking of monomers without the cogeneration of other products.  Example  ADDITION POLYMERS/CHAIN POLYMERS

13.  ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTRE  The polymers in which monomeric units are linked together to form long straight chains.  A-A-A-A-A-(A)*-A-A BRANCHED POLYMERS  Branched polymers are defined as having secondary polymer chain linked to a primary backbone resulting in a variety of polymers such as STAR SHAPED and COMB SHAPED LINEAR POLYMERS

14.  BRANCHED POLYMERS  STAR SHAPED  COMB SHAPED

15.  IN TERMS OF REPEATING UNITS HOMOPOLYMERS  Single or same monomers.  Example  A-A-A-A-A-A-A COPOLYMERS  Consisting of two or more type of monomers.  Further consists of two types  DIBLOCK and RANDOM POLYMERS.

16.  TYPES OF COPLOMERS DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS  In blocks forms  A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-A-A- A-A RANDOM COPOLYMERS  Without any sequence  A-A-A-B-B-A-B-A-B-B- A

17.   This type of polymers are classified according to regularity of R group  ATACTIC  ISOTACTIC  SYNDIOTACTIC IN TERM OF STEREO REGULARITY

18.  TYPES OF STEREO REGULARITY POLYMERS  ATACTIC POLYMERS  R- group have no regularity  ISOTACTIC POLYMERS  R- group have regularity

19.   SYNDIOTACTIC POLYMERS  R- group have alternate regularity

20.   Biological polymers are composed of amino acids, nucleotides or sugar.  There are three types of biological polymers.  PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES  NCLEIC ACID  POLYMERS OF SUGAR BIOLOGICAL POYMERS

21.   Amino acids are bound by a peptide bond which is an amide linkage between amino group of one molecule and the carboxyl group of another. It is in form Protein and polypeptides

23. POLYPEPTIDE

24.  Two types of proteins SIMPLE PROTEINS On the basis of solubility in water..  ALBUMINS  GLOBINS  GLOBULINS  PROLAMINES  HISTONES CONJUGATED PROTEINS Described on the basis of non-protein groups..  NUCLEOPROTEINS  PHOSPHOPROTEINS  GLCOPROTEINS  CHROMOPROTEINS  LIPOPROTEINS  MEMBRANE PROTEINS

25.   ALBUMINS: Soluble in water.  GLOBINS: Soluble in water e.g. Haemoglobins  GLOBLINS: Insoluble in water e.g. ɣ -Globulins Explanation of simple proteins

26.   PROLAMINES: Soluble in 70% ethyl alcohol, insoluble in water.  HISTONES: Soluble in water

27.   Nucleoproteins  Nucleoproteins : protein combined with nucleic acid.  Phosphoproteins  Phosphoproteins : protein linked with phosphoric acid.  Glycoproteins  Glycoproteins : protein linked carbohydrates.  Chromo proteins  Chromo proteins : protein linked with colored compounds.  Lipoprotein  Lipoprotein : protein linked with lipids.  Membrane proteins  Membrane proteins : protein embedded in lipid core of membrane. Explanation of conjugated proteins

28.   Proteins may be found in three shapes.  Thin length  Sphere  Elastic SHAPE of proteins

29.   Nucleic acids consists of nucleotides which in turns consists of nucleosides. Nucleic acids : Nucleic acids Nucleotid es Nucleosi des Phosphor ic acid Purines and pyrimidine RNA and DNA

30.  Formation of nucleotides

31.  Formation of nucleotide

32.   Nucleotides are sequentially arranged to form a DNA molecules through 3’ 5’ or 5’ 3’ sugar phosphate bonds. Introduction of DNA

33. Figure : DNA