1. 1.1 – 1.2 Plants Structures and Processes

3. Leaves chlorophyll in the chloroplasts makes leaves green
solar energy is trapped in leaves and changed into chemical energy in the chloroplasts
photosynthesis: process to make food
_Carbon Dioxide_ + _water_ +_sunlight_ _sugar_ + _oxygen_
cellular respiration: process to use food
reverse reaction of photosynthesis
do this at night
__oxygen__ + __sugar__  __carbon dioxide__ + _water__ + _sunlight__
water enters and leaves cells in the leaves through ­­­­­­__guard cells__. When they absorb water they swell, opening the stoma (plural: stomata), which lets in carbon
dioxide and lets out water vapour and oxygen (transpiration)

5. Roots
__Capillary Action__ is where the water particles are attracted to each other and to the sides of the tubes, and moves water from the roots up to the very top of the plant.

6. Movement of Fluid in Plants
Diffusion:
Uses lots of water to move minerals and nutrients in and out of cells
Diffusion is the key process that allows particles to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
Osmosis:
Diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane
A cell membrane acts like a border guard and allows some materials to pass and some not to pass.
Depending on the needs of the cell.

9. Pollination is the process of fertilizing a seed plant
Pollination is the process of fertilizing a seed plant. The pollen grains (sperm) land on the stigma at the end of the pistil and makes a pollen tube to the ovary where the ovaries (eggs) are.
Pollinators are organisms that carry pollen from one flower to another so that it may be cross-pollinated.

11. A. anther
THE PART OF THE STAMEN WHERE POLLEN IS PRODUCED
B. filament
SUPPORTS THE ANTHER
C. Ovary
THE PART OF THE PISTIL THAT HOLDS THE OVULES
D. ovule (egg)
DEVELOPS INTO A SEED AFTER FERTILIZATION
E. Petal
MODIFIED LEAVES THAT ATTRACT POLLINATORS
F. Pistil
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART OF THE PLANT
G. pollen tube
TRANSPORTS MALE GAMETE CELLS TO THE OVULE FROM THE POLLEN GRAIN
H. Sepal
PROTECTION FOR THE FLOWER BUD. SUPPORT FOR THE PEDALS
Sperm
CARRIED INSIDE THE POLLEN GRAIN. FERTILIZES THE EGG
J. Stamen
PRODUCES POLLEN
K. Stigma
WHERE THE POLLEN GRAIN GERMINATES (BEGIN TO GROW) – STICKY PLATFORM WHERE POLLEN IS DEPOSITED
L. style
CONNECTS THE STIGMA AND THE OVARY

12. seeds, bulbs (cross-pollination)
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
Definition
Examples
seeds, bulbs (cross-pollination)
seeds (self-pollination), vegetative reproduction (stem cutting, graphs, runners, rhizomes)
Advantages
Disadvantages

14. Selective Breeding – Also known as artificial selection
Humans select what are the wanted traits are
Over many generations of breeding plants together that have the wanted traits, the new species of plant will emerge.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Faster race horses, foods with consistent traits, insect resistant plants, calmer dispositions
Inbreeding – increased disease rate, increased infections rate, decreased fertility rate

15. Bill Nye Video on Flowers

17. Need
Description
Light
Water
Nutrients
Space

18. 3. Plants provide shelter.
1. Plants provide oxygen.
Plants use up carbon dioxide (that animals release) and release oxygen (that animals breathe in).
2. Plants provide food.
Plants make their own food from water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. The plants become food for other organisms. Those organisms become food for other organisms.
3. Plants provide shelter.
Plants protect other organisms from weather and predators.
4. Plants build and protect soil.
Dead plant material builds soil. Plants also prevent erosion because the roots hold the soil together.

19. Plants for Food Plants for Fibre

21. Living Resources are living things that can be used for human needs.
Example: trees, plants, animals
Maintaining Living Resources involves maintaining healthy populations of all living things.

22. Changes caused by Human Activity
First Nations People
collected food and fibre they needed by hunting and gathering
developed methods for encouraging plant growth
clearing areas with fire
plants were used for multiple purposes
ex. The wild rose was food and medicine
Horses and Guns affected living resources
Hunts became more efficient
Horses competed for grazing
European Settlers
Cleared farm land to grow food
Logged forests to supply wood for building and fuel
Forest Resources
In some parts of the world resources are being used faster than they are being replaced – this is non-sustainable
The need for managing resources became greater and greater.

24. 4.1 Modifying Environments to Increase Yields
Yield means the amount of useful plant part per plant.
Technologies
Greenhouses
Have the right temperature, light, and nutrients for their needs
Hydroponic Systems
Plants are grown without soil
Roots are buried in coarse sand or gravel
Nutrient-rich water is pumped through regularly