1. Part two: Defining & judging art
Aesthetics
Part two: Defining & judging art

2. Defining & judging art Defining Art Judging Art Objective Approaches
Why Defining Art Matters
Judging Art
Why assessing Art Matters

3. The arts & fine arts Sean Le Rond D’Alenbert Part One
Reflective Knowledge
Direct Ideas & Imitations
Painting, Sculpture & Architecture
Poetry
Music

4. The arts & fine arts Arts Knowledge
Differentiation of the principal parts of knowledge.
Liberal & Mechanical Arts
Liberal Arts
Knowledge
First Sort of Feeling
Second Sort of Feeling

5. The paradox of taste David Hume Language Variety of taste
Language: art & science
Morality & Language
Example: Homer
Example: Koran
Precepts of ethics

6. The paradox of taste Standard of Taste Standard of taste
Argument for the impossibility of a standard of taste.
The nature of beauty
The axiom
Opposition to Axiom

7. The paradox of taste Rules & Criticism
Rules of composition a posteriori not a priori
Rules of art
Faults
Testing the Rules of Art
Endurance & Foreign appeal as measures of influence

8. The paradox of taste Principles General principle
Explanation of failures to please/displease
Delicacy from Don Quixote
Qualities in objects & delicacy of taste
Critics

9. The paradox of taste Ascertaining Delicacy of Taste Intro Practice
Multiple Perusals
Comparisons
Prejudice
Purpose
Reason

10. The paradox of taste Critics Principles of taste The True Standard
Problem
Aesthetics vs. the Sciences
Distinguishing people of taste
Time

11. The paradox of taste Factors Two sources of variation
The general principles of taste are uniform in human nature
Age & qualities
Relativity
Age & Country
Ancient & modern learning
Morality & aesthetics
Moral principles
Religion

12. What is Art? Leo Tolstoy Defining Beauty Two definitions of beauty
No objective definition
Taste
Criticism of attempts to define taste
Criticism of existing aesthetics
Criticism of existing aesthetic standards

13. What is Art? Art, Pleasure & Beauty Defining human activity
Food analogy
Food analogy continued: the problem of taking beauty to be the aim of art
Problem with existing aesthetics: it is based on a conception of beauty

14. What is Art? Union & The Activity of Art Defining Art: words analogy
What is not art
Art & feeling
The feelings
All the following is art
Art

15. What is Art? What Art is Not Definition of art & the activity of art
Analogy to words
Importance of art
The scope of art

16. What is Art? Art & Counterfeit Art Banishing & over acceptance
Distinguishing art from counterfeit art
The feeling & real art
Infection & art
Degree of infectiousness
Sincerity

17. What is Art? Defining Good & Bad Art in Regards to Content Objectives
Analogy to speech & quality of art
Art & religious perception
River analogy
Religious perception & value
Attack argument for religious perception
Progress argument for religious perception
Christian Art
Two kinds of Christian art

18. What is Art? Assessment of Specific Works
Examples of the highest art flowing from love of God and Man
Examples of good universal art
Details
Novels
Music
Painting & Sculpture
Universal Pictures & Statues
Bad Painting

19. What is Art?
Bad music & judging Beethoven
Judging

20. Oscar Wilde
Background ( )
Life
Poetry
Plays
Prose

21. New Aesthetics First Part Vivian’s Case Vivian
Position
Mirror
Cyril’s Challenge to Vivian
Nature & life imitate art
Vivian’s Case
Nature & Art
Change in London’s climate is due to a school of art.
Nature is our creation

22. New Aesthetics Looking & Seeing Nature’s Imitation of Art
Things are because we see them.
Looking is different from seeing.
One does not see anything until one sees its beauty
Example: fog
Nature’s Imitation of Art
Effects
Nature

23. New Aesthetics What Art Expresses Cyril Vivian Temper of its age
Spirit of its time
Moral & social conditions
Vivian
Art never expresses anything but itself
Vanity
Art is not symbolic of any age

24. New Aesthetics Imitative Art Vivian Cyril Vivian: Middle Ages
The more imitative art is, the less it represents the spirit of the age.
The more abstract & ideal, the more it represents the spirit of the age.
Cyril
The spirit of the age.
Arts of imitation reveal the spirit of the age.
Vivian: Middle Ages
Imitative arts
Middle Ages
No great artist ever sees things as they really are.

25. New Aesthetics Vivian: Japan Vivian: Ancient Greeks
Japanese people as presented in art do not exist.
See a Japanese effect
Vivian: Ancient Greeks
Greek art
Art has never told us the truth

26. New Aesthetics Vivian: Doctrines of the New Aesthetics
First Doctrine: Art never expresses anything but itself
To pass from the art of a time to the time itself is the great mistake all historians make.
Second Doctrine: All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature and elevating them into ideals.
Realism is a complete failure
Avoid modernity
The only beautiful things

27. New Aesthetics
Third Doctrine: Life Imitates Art for more than Art imitates life.
Fourth Doctrine: Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of art.