1. Chapter 1 Crime and Criminal Justice

2. Learning Objectives Define the concept of criminal justice.
Beware of the long history of crime in America.
Discuss the formation of the criminal justice system.
Name the three basic component agencies of criminal justice.
Comprehend the size and scope of the contemporary justice system.
Trace the formal criminal justice process.
Know what is meant by the term “criminal justice assembly line.”
Discuss the “wedding cake” model of justice.
Be familiar with the various perspectives on justice.
Understand the ethical issues concerning ethics in criminal justice.

3. The Criminal Justice System
System of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction
Directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses

4. The Criminal Justice System
Protecting the public
Maintaining order
Enforcing the law
Identifying transgressors
Bringing the guilty to justice
Treating criminal behavior

5. Is Crime a Recent Development?
Part of society for ages
Crime rate may actually have been much higher in the 19th and 20th centuries

6. Crime at the Turn of the 20th Century
1900 – 1935 sustained increase in criminal activity
Criminal gangs formed before the Civil War in urban slums, becoming the forerunners of modern day organized crime families

7. Developing the Criminal Justice System
First police department - London Metropolitan Police 1829
The Chicago Crime Commission - professional association which acted as a citizens’ advocate group
The National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement - created by President Hoover; helped usher in the era of treatment and rehabilitation

8. The Modern Era of Justice
Began in the 1950’s with a series of research projects
Focus was on the criminal justice process

9. Federal Involvement
1967 – President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
Practitioners, educators, and attorneys created a comprehensive view of the CJ process and recommended reforms

10. The Contemporary CJS Social control Formal social control
Informal social control

11. Components of the Criminal Justice System

12. The Criminal Justice System
Costs federal, state, and local governments approximately $ 215 billion per year for civil and criminal justice
Has increased more than 300% since 1982

13. Adult Correctional Population

14. Direct expenditure by level of government, 1982-2004
Percent change
$100
366%
Local
State
$80
Federal
480%
$60
Billions
$40
704%
$20 $0
1982
1993
2004

15. Direct expenditure by criminal justice function, 1982-2006
Percent change
$100
420%
Police
Corrections
$80
Judicial
660%
$60
Billions
503%
$40
$20 $0
1982
1990
1998
2006

16. The Formal Criminal Justice Process
Report of a crime
Initial contact of a suspected offender
Investigation
Arrest
Custody
Charging
Preliminary Hearing/Grand Jury
Arraignment
Bail/Detention
Plea Bargaining
Trial/Adjudication
Sentencing/Disposition
Appeal/Post-conviction remedies
Correctional treatment
Release
Post-release

17. Criminal Justice Assembly Line
Stages are decision points
Stages serve as checks and balances

18. The Criminal Justice Funnel
500 crimes reported to police
400 crimes unsolved
100 people arrested
65 adults considered for prosecution
35 juveniles go to juvenile court
25 cases dropped
30 put on probation or dismissed
40 cases accepted for prosecution
10 jump vail or abscond
30 cases go to trial
1 acquitted
27 plead guilty
2 found guilty
29 sentenced
9 placed on probation
20 adults incarcerated 18

19. The Informal CJ Process
Courtroom Work Group - prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, and others
Streamlines justice through extensive use of plea bargaining and other alternatives

20. The “Wedding Cake” Model of Justice
I Celebrated cases
II Serious felonies
III Less serious felonies
IV Misdemeanors 20

21. Perspectives on Justice
Crime control
Rehabilitation
Due process
Non-interventionist
Equal justice
Restorative justice

22. Crime Control Perspective
Control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society
Harsh punishments as a deterrent to crime
Purpose of the justice system is to deter crime through the application of punishment
The more efficient the system, the greater its effectiveness
The justice system is not equipped to treat people but to investigate crimes, apprehend suspects, and punish the guilty

23. Rehabilitation Perspective
Care for people who cannot manage themselves
It is better to treat than punish
Criminals are society’s victims
Helping others is part of the American culture

24. Due Process Perspective
Focus on the defendant’s rights to prevent the wrongful conviction of an innocent person
Need to preserve Constitutional rights and democratic ideals takes precedence over the need to punish the guilty
Decisions must be carefully scrutinized to avoid errors
Everyone must be treated equally and fairly

25. Nonintervention Perspective
Justice system stigmatizes offenders
Stigma locks people into a criminal way of life
Decriminalize, divert, and deinstitutionalize

26. Equal Justice Perspective
Equal justice to those who come before the law
Equal treatment for equal crimes
Structured justice, “just deserts”
Reduced and controlled use of discretion
Inconsistent treatment produces disrespect for the system

27. Restorative Justice Perspective
Peacemaking rather than punishment
Offenders should be reintegrated back into society
Coercive punishments are self-defeating
Justice system must become more humane

28. Perspectives in Perspective
Crime Control and Justice Models have dominated
Rehabilitative efforts have not been abandoned

29. Ethics in Criminal Justice
Justice personnel function in an environment where moral ambiguity is the norm
Enormous power granted to criminal justice employees
Ethics and law enforcement - officers have the authority to deprive people of their liberty
Ethics and the courts - seek justice for all parties
Ethics and corrections - significant coercive power over offenders