1. LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE & SHIFT
LANGUAGE & SOCIETY

2. WHEN ONE LANGUAGE MEETS THE OTHER
Language maintenance
Language shift

3. LANGUAGE SHIFT

4. Non-migrant communities
SCENARIOS
Migrant minorities
Migrant majorities
Non-migrant communities

5. Migrant minorities
Local majority
Immigrant minority

6. Migrant minorities Language shift for practical reasons
Job
Education
Business
Pressure from the host society
Language shift is expected
A sign of successful assimilation

7. The language shift of 2nd-generation immigrants
L1 monolingual
L1 and L2 bilingual
L2 monolingual

8. If you don’t want to be part of us…
Debate Rages On Over 'English Only' Policies

9. Migrant majority
Immigrant majority
Local minority

10. Migrant majority Colonization
The colonial powers impose their languages on the colonies.

11. Colonization
More Population
Immigrants
Local population

12. Colonization
The Dominant Culture
Immigrants
Local population

13. Case: The Isle of Man
The official language of the Isle of Man is English, while Manx Gaelic has also had official status since 1985. Manx has traditionally been spoken but is now considered "critically endangered".
Manx has been officially recognised as a legitimate regional language.  
Manx is closely related to the Irish language and Scottish Gaelic. (

14. Case: The Isle of Man
Why is there a language shift on the island?

15. Factors contributing to language shift
Economic, social, and political factors
Job opportunities
See no reason to maintain L1

16. Migrant majority Language shift does not necessarily occur
when multilingualism is widespread.
many indigenous vernacular languages
Language shift could occur
When one primary indigenous language is used

17. Non-migrant communities
Language shift due to political, economical and social changes

18. LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE

19. Demographic factors Where people live The size of the group
Rural areas vs. urban areas.
The size of the group
Spanish in the US.
Chinatowns.

20. Attitudes and values Positive attitude slows down the language shift.
A symbol of ethnic identity
The father in ‘My Fat Greek Wedding’ explaining the root of any word is Greek.
An internationally recognized language slows down the speed of shift
French-Quebec

21. LANGUAGE DEATH & LOSS

22. Language death and loss
When all people of a language die, the language dies too.
Endangered languages
Why is it an issue?
A language carries the cultural heritage of its speakers.

23. Examples 'Language Death: A Problem for All' By David Crystal

24. How a minority language can be maintained
It is a symbol of group identity.
The degree and frequency of contact with the the home group.
Social factor may help.
Extended family vs. nuclear family
Institutional support
Domains: education, law, religion, government, media

25. Ethnolinguistic vitality
We can predict the likelihood that a language will be maintained by measuring its ethnolinguistic vitality.
Components
The status of the language
The size of the group
The extent of institutional support

26. Language revival Attitude
How strongly the speakers want to revive the language
Their reasons for doing so

27. Six factors which may help a language to progress (Crystal, 2000)
An endangered language will progress if its speakers:
increase their prestige within the dominant community
increase their wealth
increase their legitimate power in the eyes of the dominant community
have a strong presence in the education system
can write down the language
can make use of electronic technology

28. Examples of language revival
Puyuma Language Revival
Bunun Language Revival
Hebrew
Ocitan
Maori