1. Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work

2. Articles: Einstein's Brain Reveals Clues to Genius
Why Aren't There Any Supersize Whales?
Beetle Breathing Highly Complex, Study Finds
Climate Change Is Causing Fish to Shrink
Why Aren't Insects Human-Size?

3. Articles: Einstein's Brain Reveals Clues to Genius
Why Aren't There Any Supersize Whales?
Beetle Breathing Highly Complex, Study Finds
Climate Change Is Causing Fish to Shrink
Why Aren't Insects Human-Size?

4. Why are cells small?
Does having bigger cells make an organism bigger or better?
Are the cells found in a
Green Bay Packers player
the same size as the cells
found in you or me?
Would having big cells be an advantage to an organism?

5. Why study cells? Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies
bodies are made up of cells
cells do all the work of life!

6. animal cells plant cells
Archaea
Types of cells
Bacteria
Prokaryote
no membrane-
bound organelles
Eukaryotes
membrane-bound
organelles
animal cells
plant cells

7. Cell size comparison most bacteria eukaryotic cells 1-10 microns
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
most bacteria
1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
microns
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

8. They’re like mini-organs!
What are organelles?
Structures with specialized functions
each structure has a job to do
keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
They’re like mini-organs!
Model Animal Cell

9. How did organelles evolve?
The Endosymbiotic Theory
Video: How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson (TedED)
Write a 2-3 sentence summary of the endosymbiotic theory using the diagram and video.

10. How do internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell functions?
Think about….
the brain.

11. How do internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell functions?
Think about: surface area, compartmentalization, enzymes
Relate those things to the definition of organelles

12. How do internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell functions?
Think about: surface area, compartmentalization, enzymes
Relate those things to the definition of organelles
Hint: Think about the organs in the human body - why do they need to be separated?

13. Why organelles? Specialized structures specialized functions
mitochondria
Why organelles?
Specialized structures
specialized functions
Containers
partition cell into compartments
create different local environments
separate pH, or concentration of materials
distinct & incompatible functions
lysosome & its digestive enzymes
Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
unique combinations of lipids & proteins
embedded enzymes & reaction centers
chloroplasts & mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi
Why organelles?
There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions.
Organelles as specialized structures
An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move.
Organelles as Containers
Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed to float free in the cell would kill it.
Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions
An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast. ER

14. The Work of Life
What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…
“breathe”
gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out
eat
take in & digest food
convert energy
ATP
build molecules
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids
remove wastes
control internal conditions
homeostasis
respond to external environment
build more cells
growth, repair, reproduction & development
ATP

15. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

16. A Job for Lysosomes
6 weeks
15 weeks

17. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

18. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

19. Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
chloroplast
mitochondria

20. cytoplasm
jelly-like material
holding organelles in place
central vacuole
storage: food, water, or waste
cell wall
support, protection
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2in cellular respiration
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
chloroplast
makes ATP & sugars in photosynthesis
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

21. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

22. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
ribosomes
builds proteins
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

23. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
ribosomes
builds proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
helps finish building proteins
makes membranes
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

24. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
ribosomes
builds proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
helps finish building proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages & ships proteins
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

25. nucleolus
produces ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
helps finish building proteins
makes membranes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ribosomes
builds proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
central vacuole
storage: food, water or waste
Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, & ships proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
chloroplast
makes ATP & sugars in photosynthesis
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

26. cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding organelles in place
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal & recycling
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport inside cells
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
centrioles
cell division
ribosomes
builds proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
helps finish building proteins
makes membranes
mitochondria
makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration
Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages & ships proteins
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement of materials in & out
recognizes signals

27. Assignment
Create a poster that explains the interactions between organelles to provide an essential function.
Include at least 3 organelles, have an illustration, and captions describing what is going on.
Use the textbook to add more DETAIL about the organelles and their interactions (the notes are the “baby” version).

28. List of possible organelles/ materials in a cell:
proteins/polypeptide (amino acids) lipids
carbohydrates (glucose) nucleic acid
cell (plasma) membrane chromatin
Golgi apparatus mitochondria
lysosome nuclear envelope
nucleolus nucleus
phospholipids ribosome
rough ER smooth ER
transport vesicle ribosome
chloroplast cytoskeleton centriole

29. Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location.
In each of the following scenarios which organelle(s) would be suspected to be not functioning properly and why?
Person stops being able to secrete insulin even though they are able to produce it in their pancreatic cells.
Fatty acids accumulate in the brain of an individual because they are unable to be broken down.
Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location.

30. Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location.
In each of the following scenarios which organelle(s) would be suspected to be not functioning properly and why?
Person stops being able to secrete insulin even though they are able to produce it in their pancreatic cells.
Vesicles or Golgi
Fatty acids accumulate in the brain of an individual because they are unable to be broken down.
Lysosomes
Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location.
Golgi