1. Respiratory System
The process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells is called respiration.

2. Events of respiration
Exchange of gases between air in the lungs and the blood is called external respiration
Gas exchange between blood and body cells is called internal resp.

4. Pathway of air in the body
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Alveoli
The alveoli are the site for gas exchange in the body

6. Breathing Mechanism
Remember: Diffusion is a passive process, no energy is required.
Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg

7. Inspiration
The diaphragm contracts (flattens) and moves downward.
Thoracic cavity enlarges; alveoli increase in diameter
The pressure within the lungs (and alveoli) falls about 2mm Hg below normal
Air is forced into the lungs

8. Expiration Diaphragm relaxes (curved)
Thoracic cavity decreases in size and alveoli diameter decreases
Lung (and alveoli) pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above normal
Air is forced out of lungs
This is a passive process

10. Smoking Smoking destroys the movement of cilia in the resp. system
This allows dirt and debris to enter the resp. system and mucus builds up in the nasal cavity
this build up results in smokers’ cough (an effort to manually breakup the accumulated mucus)

11. Smoking Smokers’ cough leads to chronic bronchitis
Mucus production increases, the bronchioles thicken more difficult to breathe
Bronchioles lose elasticity and cannot adjust to pressure changes

13. Smoking
Air pressure increases enough to burst alveoli- this condition is called emphysema
With emphysema coughing worsens along with fatigue and wheezing
Emphysema can progress to cancer
80% of all lung cancer is caused from smoking
13% of those with lung cancer do not live past 5 years

21. Total lung capacity
the vital capacity plus the residual volume
average = 5800ml
varies with age, sex, and body size

22. Respiratory Volumes
One inspiration followed by expiration is a respiratory cycle
Tidal Volume-the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal resting respiration (about 500 ml)

23. Respiratory Volumes
During forced maximal inspiration (deep breathing) additional quantities of air enter the lungs; this is called inspiratory reserve volume.
This can equal about 3,000 ml

24. Respiratory Volumes
During maximal forced ex(it)piration, about 1100ml of additional air can be expelled from the lungs; this is the expiratory reserve volume.
This leaves about 1200 ml of air in the lungs at all times – this is called residual volume

26. Vital capacity
The total of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume is the vital capacity (max in, normal, max out)
The adult average is about 4,600 ml.
This is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after they have taken the deepest breath possible

27. Inspiratory capacity
The tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume.
This is the maximum amount of air a person can inhale
average – 3500 ml

28. Functional residual capacity
the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
equals the amount of air left in the lungs after normal expiration
average = 2300ml

30. Total lung capacity
A spirometer is used to measure lung capacity
Lung capacity measurements can be used as an initial diagnostic tool for emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer, and asthma

32. Gas Transport
Oxygen is carried in the blood bound to the hemoglobin in RBC
Each hemoglobin molecule can combine with only four oxygen atoms
Hypoxia – oxygen deficiency

33. Alveoli

34. Hemoglobin

35. Respiratory Disorders

36. Pneumonia
an infection of the lungs, which can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
causes inflammation of the lungs
symptoms: fever, chills, cough, unusually rapid breathing, breathing with grunting or wheezing sounds, chest pain
treated with antibiotics, antiviral meds

37. Tiger Woods w pneumonia

38. Bronchitis viral infection of the bronchial tree
bronchioles swell and mucus (thick fluid) forms inside them, making it hard to breathe
symptoms: coughing up mucus and wheezing
treated with asthma medicines to reduce swelling and ease breathing

39. Bronchitis

40. Emphysema chronic lung disease usually caused by smoking
damage to the alveoli
symptoms: Shortness of breath, barrel-shaped chest, wheezing, fatigue, losing weight without trying
treatment: no cure, but symptoms can be eased with supplemental oxygen and other meds

42. Asthma
chronic respiratory disease causing airway inflammation; the airways in the lungs are overly sensitive to certain triggers
linked to allergies, heredity, environment, weight
symptoms: attacks of wheezing, coughing, chest constriction & labored breathing
treated with meds such as inhaled steroids/anti-inflammatory

45. Tuberculosis disease caused by bacteria that attack the lungs
bacteria destroy lung tissue and can actually create a hole in the lung
symptoms: a bad cough, pain in the chest, coughing up blood, fever, fatigue, chills
treated with antibiotics
latent TB (bacteria in body but not active causes small bump on test) vs. active TB (bacteria actively attacking lung tissue)
No bump means on TB skin test means you are negative for TB

46. Tuberculosis

47. Cystic Fibrosis hereditary, recessive, caused by a gene/protein defect
chloride can’t be transported out of cells, so water diffuses indries out mucus, causing it to clog affect organs
affects lungs (more infections)& pancreas (prevents digestive enzymes from reaching intestines, causing decreased nutrient absorption)
treatments: antibiotics for infections, exercises to remove mucus from lungs, digestive enzymes mixed into foods

48. Cystic Fibrosis

49. Lung Cancer 90% of all lung cancer
is linked to cigarette smoking. Other causes include exposure to toxins in second hand smoke, asbestos and radon.
Lung cancer claims more lives each year than colon, prostate, ovarian, lymph and breast cancers combined.