1. Thomas Jefferson

2. Dealing With the Midnight Judges
Before leaving office, Adams hurriedly appointed several federalists to judgeships, to insure the party’s influence
Called midnight judges

3. Midnight Judges
As Jefferson’s Secretary of State, it was Madison’s job to deliver these appointments
Jefferson ordered him not to

4. William Marbury was appointed by Adams to be justice of the peace in DC; Madison did not deliver the appointment; Marbury sued, asking the courts to issue an order forcing Madison to do his job

5. Marbury v Madison, 1803
1803, Supreme Court, headed by John Marshall, a Federalist appointed by Adams, ruled against Marbury on the grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it gave the court too much power

7. 1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on:
PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory

8. Owned by Spain until 1800, when Napoleon forced Spain to cede it back to France
1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on:
PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory

9. Jefferson realized this was a major threat to American trade as Napoleon could block access to Miss. River and New Orleans
Sent negotiators to discuss purchasing New Orleans for $2 million
Negotiators were shocked when Napoleon made counter offer; the whole territory for $15 million

11. Jefferson’s Dilemma IS land purchase constitutional?
Jefferson decided he couldn’t let it pass.

13. 1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on:
PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory
PO 2. how geography and economic incentives influenced early American explorations, including those of Lewis and Clark, James O. Pattie and the fur trade

14. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to survey the territory

15. 1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on:
PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory
PO 2. how geography and economic incentives influenced early American explorations, including those of Lewis and Clark, James O. Pattie and the fur trade

16. Lewis and Clark
They were to map the territory, make notes, make contact with Indians, and collect scientific samples of plant and animal life
Mostly followed the Missouri River to Pacific from 1804 to 1806
Aided by Sacajawea

18. The Duel
1804, Vice-President Aaron Burr , angry over insulting remarks made by Alexander Hamilton challenged Hamilton
to duel
Hamilton’s shot was
high, Burr’s was not;
Hamilton died
Next day

19. Foreign Policy
1803, Britain and France went to war again for the next 12 years
Like Washington and Adams, Jefferson struggled to maintain neutrality

20. French Actions
implemented Continental System through Berlin and Milan decrees, ordering blockade of Britain and confiscation of goods on neutral ships headed to Britain

21. British Action
1807 Orders in Council: blockaded France and justified confiscation of goods on neutral ships headed to France

22. British Impressment
1803 – 1812, British ships stopped American ships at sea, forced American sailors to serve on British ships

23. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807
British warship Leopard fired on American Warship Chesapeake

24. 1803-1812 British incited Indian attacks on American Frontier
1811 Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief, organized confederacy of tribes in war against US

25. American Reaction
1807 Jefferson signed Embargo Act, forbidding trade with any foreign nation

26. American Reaction
Just before Jefferson left office in 1809, Congress passed Non-Intercourse Act
Repealed Embargo Act and opened trade to all countries
but France and
Britain

27. James Madison elected President 1808
Problems of the French and British war continued
Congress passed Macon’s Bill No. 2 : stated that US would resume trade with first country (Fr, Br) that repealed commercial restrictions

28. Napoleon announced repeal, w/o intention of following through; Madison gave Britain 3 months to do the same
Meanwhile, in Congress, War Hawks pressed for war with Britain
War Hawks were new nationalistic congressmen from south and west, led by Henry Clay (KY) and John C Calhoun (SC)

29. War Hawks Reasons for war: National honor
Restore farm prices depressed by trade restrictions
Add farmland in Canada and Florida
End British incitement of Indians and impressment

31. “Mr. Madison’s War” War unpopular with Federalists and New Englanders
WHY?
Typically pro-British
Economy based on trade and manufacturing which would be disrupted, and addition of farm land might mean diminished work force for newly emerging factories

32. War of 1812 US militarily unprepared, no navy
Attempts to invade Canada failed miserably
Washington DC was occupied and burned
British troops held large areas in New England and New York
National disunity rampant

33. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The
War
of 1812
Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

34. America's
Second War for
Independence?

35. Causes
of the
War?

36. 1. Napoleonic Wars 1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental System”]
1806  Britain issued the “Orders in Council.”
1807  Milan Decrees
 Britain impressed over ,000 American sailors.

37. 2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”
June 21, 1807.
Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake.
3 dead, 18 wounded.
Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.
Jefferson’s Response:
Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.
Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

38. 3. The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle

39. Presidential Election of 1808

40. James Madison Becomes President

41. Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset

42. 4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Replaced the Embargo Act.
Remained U. S. policy until 1812.
Unexpected Consequences:
N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories reopened].
Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.
Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

43. 5. Br. Instigation of Indians
British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh

44. Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
General William Henry Harrison  governor of the Indiana Territory.
Invited Native Indian chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN to sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US government.
Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands.
Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.
This made Harrison a national hero! [1840 election  Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]

45. “War Hawks”
John C. Calhoun [SC]
Henry Clay [KY]

46. Presidential Election of 1812

47. “Mr. Madison’s War!”

48. American Problems The US was unprepared militarily:
Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships.
Americans disliked a draft  preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias.
Financially unprepared:
Flood of paper $.
Revenue from import tariffs declined.
Regional disagreements.

49. Overview of the War of 1812

50. 3 U. S. Invasions of 1812

51. Campaigns of 1813

52. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814
Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… Francis Scott Key

53. Gave proof through the night, That our flag was still there..

54. Attack on Ft. Oswego, 1814

55. Hartford Convention December, 1814 – January, 1815
New
England
Considers
Secession!

56. Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814

57. “Status Quo Antebellum”
Conquered territory returned to pre-war status
Americans retained fishing rights off Canadian coast
No mention at all of pre-war grievances

58. The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

59. The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

60. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

61. Results of War of 1812
Second War for American Independence-international respect
American heroes like Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas MacDonough and two future presidents: William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson
Fall of the Federalists
Large Indian territorial losses

62. Results
Stimulated US industry because of lessened dependence on British manufacturing
Renewed sense of patriotism and nationalism
Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner
Rush-Bagot Treaty –agreement between US and Britain to remove all warships on Great Lakes