1. 11/26 Bellringer +5 sentences
When you think of the word “politics” or “political” what images come to mind? Why do you think that is?

2. Mapping the Future of Countries

3. a. Contemporary political map has been shaped by events of the past
Political Geography
a. Contemporary political map has been shaped by events of the past

4. Scramble for Africa

5. What criteria determines the boundary lines on this map?

6. What criteria determines the boundary lines on this map?

7. Which set of boundary lines seems more logical?

8. Vocab Review State Sovereignty Nation Nation-state Binational State
Multinational State
Multistate Nation
Stateless Nation
Nationalism
Functional Region
MDC
LDC
Postindustrial
Sectors of the Economy
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

9. Territoriality
The modern state is an example of a common human tendency: the need to belong to a larger group that controls its own piece of the earth, its own territory.
This is called territoriality: a cultural strategy that uses power to control area and communicate that control, subjugating inhabitants and acquiring resources.

10. Nature, meaning, and function of boundaries
State shapes/boundaries homework

13. Landlocked States No access to major sea or ocean
Must negotiate rights to move resources through other countries – problems exist when countries do not agree on fundamental policies

14. Location
Relative location: Some states are landlocked.

16. The nation-state concept –
Nation state is a
European idea that the
map of states should look like the map of nations
aspiration of governing elites around the world;
a politically organized space in which
nation and state occupy the same space,
in reality few states are perfect nation states (textbook example: Japan, why?)

17. Nation-state: ancient history…
Ancient states – city-states:
sovereign state that comprise a town and the surrounding countryside, walls clearly delineated the boundaries, land outside the walls is controlled and used for agriculture, where a society lived constituted its territory,
Empires were created when one state or tribe would gain military dominance over the other cities (in Mesopotamia)
Egypt was a separate empire, a narrow region along the banks of the Nile…

18. The nation-state: Early European States around CE100– CE1500
Roman Empire – height of political unity in the ancient world (Europe, N Africa, SW Asia), same set of laws, 38 provinces, massive walls, one official language, one currency …
Fall of the Roman Empire – decentralized, competing estates
Powerful kings emerge in Europe beginning CE1100 – basis for modern England, France, Spain
(German and Italy – not consolidated until 19th century)

19. The nation state concept: 1st emerged
Modern state system –
Peace of Westphalia, 1648, recognized defined, demarcated territories,
now the territory defines the society
territory is a fixed element of political identity, exclusive, non overlapping territories…

20. … ….

21. Across the Aisle Question
What is the difference in Colonialism & Imperialism?

22. Colonialism (1400s – early 1800s)
A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state and not completely independent, the sovereign state controls the colony’s military and foreign policy and sometimes internal affairs also
Colonialism – effort by one country to establish settlements on previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land and to impose political, economics, and cultural principles on such territory,
Europe (Spain and Portugal first) colonized for glory, gold and God
organizing the flows of raw materials for their own benefit, affecting the cultural landscape with plantations, ports, ………. mines, RR.

23. Imperialism 1800s-1900s
control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
Berlin Conference , projected European power to organizing political space into the non- European world, became the model adopted around the world,
Europe designed the rules of capitalist world economy, created a system of economic interdependence that persists today,
Former colonies, now politically independent remain economically dependent –
infrastructure is organized to get raw materials out

24. Berlin Conference (1884):
European countries decided they could claim African colonies just by setting up government offices in African territory.
This set off a Great Scramble as Europeans rushed to colonize Africa.
Why???

25. Europeans: Carving up a Continent
Africa
Who is missing from this picture???

26. Berlin Conference 1884
Divided Africa with no consideration for culture
Results of superimposed boundaries
African nations divided
Hostile nations within state
Historical trade routes disrupted
Migration routes disrupted

27. Where do these lines come from???
By 1914, there were only two independent countries left in all of Africa.
What new countries were growing empires?
“We do not want to put anyone in the shade, but we also demand our place in the sun” –Germany
Where do these lines come from???

28. African
colonies

29. Decolonization, 1940s-1990s

32. Imperialism 1800s-1900s control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
UK - largest colonial empire, on every continent, including E and S Africa, S Asia, Middle East, Australia, Canada
created different government structures and policies for various territories
decentralized approach protected diverse cultures, local customs, educational systems
possibility of peaceful transition to independence in some colonies
Commonwealth

33. Imperialism 1800s-1900s control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
France – 2nd largest – W Africa and SE Asia
assimilated its colonies into French culture, educated an elite group to provide local administrative leadership, colonies often retained close ties after independence
Portugal, Spain, German, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium
Most African and Asian colonies become independent after WWII
Most of the colonies that remain are islands in the Pacific or Caribbean

37. Democratization
Process began as land/nobility power declined due to increasingly powerful wealthy middle class, upheavals in the 1780s, the French Revolution, political authority will rest with citizenry not with a hereditary monarch
Also the idea that people are sovereign, the nation has ultimate say over what happens within the state,
true democracy exists when the nation has its own sovereign territory
1800s quest to form nation-states in Europe associated with a rise in nationalism as well as democratization
Most African and Asian colonies become independent after WWII and attempted democratization

38. … ….

39. Forms of Government Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy
Traditional Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy
Republics:
Democracy
Restricted Democratic Practice
Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign:
Protectorate
Colonial Dependency
Empire
Source: Matthew White, Adapted from FreedomHouse.org

40. Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Monarchies:
Constitutional Monarchy
Traditional Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy
Republics:
Democracy
Restricted Democratic Practice
Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign:
Protectorate
Colonial Dependency
Empire
Source: Matthew White, Adapted from FreedomHouse.org

41. Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Monarchies:
Constitutional Monarchy
Traditional Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy
Republics:
Democracy
Restricted Democratic Practice
Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign:
Protectorate
Colonial Dependency
Empire
Source: Matthew White, Adapted from FreedomHouse.org

42. Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Source: Matthew White, Adapted from FreedomHouse.org
Monarchies:
Constitutional Monarchy
Traditional Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy
Republics:
Democracy
Restricted Democratic Practice
Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign:
Protectorate
Colonial Dependency
Empire

43. Fall of communism legacy of the Cold War –post WWII
The Soviet Union and the
Iron Curtain
Countries behind the former Iron Curtain deal with developing economics and ZPG or lower, as well as environmental degradation due to lack of pollution controls

44. Fall of communism legacy of the Cold War –post WWII
China and the Bamboo Curtain

45. Collapse of the Soviet Union

46. The World in 1977 Soviet Union and allies Other Communist countries
US and allies
Other non-Communist countries

47. Europe in 1977 Soviet Union and allies Other Communist countries
US and allies
Other non-Communist countries
Europe in 1977

48. Changes in Europe,

49. Balance of Power Changes

51. Political ecology: impacts of law and policy on the environment and environmental justice

52. “They’re growing houses in the fields between the towns
“They’re growing houses in the fields between the towns.” - John Gorka, Folk Singer