1. Chapter 1

2. 1.1: Introduction
Questions and observations that have led to knowledge.
Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

3. “The complementarity of structure and function.”
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”

4. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”

5. 1.3: Characteristics of Life (10)
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

6. Characteristics of Life Continued
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

7. 1.4: Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

8. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

9. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

10. Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:
Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

11. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

12. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.

13. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms

14. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Reduces the actions of the effectors
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

15. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
Produces more instability in the body
Produces more chaos in the body
There are only a few types necessary for our survival
Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
Considered to be the uncommon loop
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

16. Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback
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17. 1.5: Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
Organism – the human

18. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

19. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body- Body cavities
Axial portion-head, neck, and trunk
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Appendicular portion-upper and lower limbs

20. Axial portion-head, neck, and trunk
Dorsal cavity-
Cranial cavity-brain
Vertebral cavity-spinal cord & vertebrae

21. Ventral cavity-
Thoracic cavity-skin, skeletal
Pleural cavity-right and left lungs
Mediastinum-heart, esophagus, trachea, & thymus gland
Diaphragm- broad, thin-walled muscle that separates the thoracic & abdominopelvic
Abdominopelvic cavity-
Abdominal cavity-stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, & most of small & large intestines
Pelvic cavity-enclosed by hip bones

22. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura-covers lungs
Parietal pleura-walls of thoracic cavity
Visceral pericardium- covers heart’s surface
Parietal pericardium-thicker
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum-lines abdominopelvic
Visceral peritoneum-covers each organ in abdominal cavity
Parietal perineum
Visceral perineum

23. Thoracic Serous Membranes
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Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Parietal pericardium
Sternum
Fibrous pericardium

24. Abdominal Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord V
ertebra
Plane of
section
Right kidney
Aorta
Left
kidney
Inferior
vena cava
Spleen
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum

25. Organ Systems
Protect underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, house a variety of sensory receptors, synthesizes products.
Ex. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.
Integumentary system

26. Support and movement of the body.
Organ Systems
Support and movement of the body.
Skeletal system
Muscular system

27. Organ Systems
Maintain homeostasis.
Nervous system
Endocrine system

28. Transport substances through the internal environment.
Organ Systems
Transport substances through the internal environment.
Lymphatic
system
Cardiovascular
system

29. Absorb nutrients & oxygen and excrete various wastes.
Organ Systems
Absorb nutrients & oxygen and excrete various wastes.
Digestive system
Urinary system
Respiratory system

30. Organ Systems Produces offspring. Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system

31. 1.7: Anatomical terminology
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?

32. 1.7: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Integumentary system

33. Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
Superior –above another part or closer to the head
Inferior-below another part or toward the feet
Anterior-toward the front
Posterior-toward the back
Medial-closer to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves.
Lateral-toward the side of the imaginary midline
Proximal-closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body
Distal-farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk than another part.
Superficial-suited near the surface
Deep-more internal

34. Body Sections or Planes (3)
Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

35. NEW FIGURE 12.1

36. Other Body Sections (a) (b) (c)
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(a)
(b)
(c)

37. Body Regions Epigastric Region-upper middle portion
Left & Right Hypochondriac region-on each side of the epigastric region
Umbilical region-middle portion
Left & Right Lumbar region-each side of the umbilical region
Hypogastric region-lower middle portion
Left & Right Iliac regions-each side of hypogastric region

38. Know diagram for test!!!

39. Body Regions Abdominal-between thorax and pelvis
Acromial-point of the shoulder
Antebrachial-forearm
Antecubital-front of elbow
Axillary-armpit
Brachial-arm
Buccal-cheek
Carpal-wrist
Celiac-abdomen
Cervical-neck
Costal-ribs

40. Body Regions Coxal-hip Crual-leg Cubital-elbow Digital-finger
Dorsal-back
Femoral-thigh
Frontal-forhead
Genital-reproductive organs
Gluteal-buttocks
Inguinal-groin
Lumbar-loin

41. Body Regions Mammary-breast Mental-chin Nasal-nose
Occipital-lower posterior region of head
Oral-mouth
Orbital-eye cavity
Otic-ear
Palmar-palm of hand
Patellar-front of knee
Pectoral-chest
Pedal-foot

42. Body Regions Pelvic-pelvis
Perineal-region between the anus & external reproductive organs
Plantar-sole of foot
Popliteal-behind the knee
Sacral-posterior region between hipbones
Sternal-middle of thorax, anteriorly
Tarsal-instep of foot
Umbilical-navel
Vertebral-spinal column

43. Body Regions

44. Body Regions

45. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
Define and give examples of metabolism.

46. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

47. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Define aging.
Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.

48. Quiz 1
Complete Quiz 1 now!
Read Chapter 2.