1. The cerebellum:

2. Cerebellum: Principally a motor organ Responsible for:
Regulation and control of muscle tone
Coordination of movement, especially skilled, voluntary movement
Control of posture and gait

3. Motoric movements: Willed: Cortical. Pyramidal motor system
Automatic: Static, postural. An expression of the extrapyramidal motor system
Coordination of willed movements

4. Extrapyramidal system:
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia

5. Cerebellum:
None of the motor activities of the cerebellum reach conscious kinesthetic perception:
It`s main role is to assist in the initiation and modulation of willed movements that are generated in the cerebral hemispheres

6. 3 Parts: Flocculonodular lobe. Oldest portion. Archicerebellum.
Afferent fibers = proprioceptive impulses from vestibular nuclei.
Equilibrium.
Vestibulocerebellum

7. Anterior lobe: Paleocerebellum Spinocerebellum
Proprioceptive fibers from muscles and tendons.
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (lower limbs) and ventral spinocerebellar tract (upper limbs).
Maintains posture and muscle tone.

8. Posterior lobe: Neocerebellum
Afferent fibers from cerebral cortex via the pontine nuclei and brachium pontis.
Pontocerebellum
Coordination of skilled movements that are initiated at a cerebral cortical level

9. Clinical signs in cerebellar disease:
Hypotonia
Ataxia, Nystagmus
Incoordination
Disorders of equilibrium and gait

10. Basal ganglia:

11. Anatomic considerations:
No precise definition
Caudate nucleus + Lentiform nucleus with it`s 2 subdivisions:
Putamen
Globus Pallidum

12. Physiology: “Brake and switch” theory
The basal ganglia function as a brake or switch
The tonic inhibitory (brake) action of the basal ganglia prevent their target structures from generating unwanted motor activity
Switch function: Refers to the capacity of the basal ganglia to select which motor program will be active at any given time

13. Other theories: “Motor programming”:
Role of the basal ganglia in the initiation, sequencing and modulation of motor activity.

14. Several motor syndromes:
Loss of voluntary movement with spasticity: Corticospinal tract involvement
Incoordination: Cerebellum
Involuntary movements—dystonia: Basal ganglia

15. Symptoms of basal ganglia disease:
Motor disorders:
Deficits = negative symptoms or,
Involuntary movements = positive symptoms (effects)

16. Negative: Bradykinesia, akinesia, loss of postural reflexes.
Positive: Tremor, rigidity, involuntary movements—dystonia, chorea etc..