1. New Orders Missions Church in America
Continuing 4.2
New Orders Missions Church in America

2. New Religious Orders

3. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola ( )
Injured as soldier  Soldier for Christ
Military background  chain of command
Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope
“The Spiritual Exercises”
Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries
Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice
Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

4. Vincentians/Charitys
Vincent de Paul ( )
Focus on the poor; preach to, teach commoners
Louise de Marillac  Daughters of Charity
Bypass cloister rules by taking private annual vows

5. Christian Brothers John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719)
Educate poor children  escape poverty, crime
Began classroom teaching (not private tutors)
Considered a founder of modern education

6. Elizabeth Ann Seton
First American-born saint (canonized 1975)
Convert; began Baltimore school
Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first religious order begun in the U.S.
Credited with beginning the parochial school system

7. Missionaries

8. Exploration Begins Events of 1492
1493 ~ Pope Alexander VI draws line, dividing the Atlantic
Spain gets West; Portugal gets East
1522 ~ Magellan sails around the world, so a second line is needed
Catholics travel to spread the faith; Protestants for trade

9. Methods
Religious Orders ~ Franciscans, Dominicans, and especially Jesuits
“Hard” vs. “Soft”
“Hard” ~ by force & destruction
“Soft” ~ missions; settlements & teach; accommodation/adaptation
In the Americas
French in the North; Spain in the South

10. Challenges Conquistadors & Colonizers Danger of Syncretism
Enslave the “savages”
Educated Christians  human
Missions protected the natives
Danger of Syncretism
To what extent do you “adapt” the faith to local customs, religious practices, etc., before it no longer is Christianity?

11. Catholicism in the Colonies and U.S.

12. The American Colonies Established for “religious freedom”?
Freedom of OUR, “perfect” religion!
11 of the original 13 colonies had official state religion; only two safe for Catholics
Maryland ~ begun as safe haven for Catholics
1649 Act of Toleration
Pennsylvania ~ Quaker acceptance
Constitution ~ God not mentioned
No influence in EITHER direction

13. John Carroll
; elected bishop in 1789 (American Catholics feared foreign bishop)
Balanced democracy with Vatican loyalty
Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore), Georgetown College (DC), dioceses
1790 – 30,000 American Catholics 1815 – 200,000 American Catholics

14. Anti-Catholic Sentiment
Nativism & Know-Nothing Party
“Public” Schools
Isolation  vicious cycle
Politics/Presidental Candidates
1929 ~ Al Smith
1960 ~ John F. Kennedy
John Kerry
Paul Ryan & Joe Biden