1. Structure and Forces
How does understanding the effect of forces, properties of building materials, and design characteristics contribute to structural strength and stability?

2. A one story building, has no doors or windows. How do you enter?

3. Types of Structures: Origin
Natural Structures (p )
– not made by people
living and non-living

4. Types of Structures: Origin
You have 3 minutes to list as many natural structures as you can.
Share your list to make one big list with people at your table.

5. Types of Structures: Origin
2) Manufactured Structures (p271)
– made by people
-big and small
- often modelled after natural structures

6. Types of Structures: Origin
You have 3 minutes to list as many manufactured structures as you can. Now make a master list with people at your table.

7. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

8. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

9. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

10. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

11. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

12. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

13. Identify the following as manufactured or natural

14. Can you match the natural and manufactured structures?

15. Can you think of other manufactured structures that were copied after natural structures?

16. Shell Structures p
Divide your page in half. On one side write ANSWERS and the other QUESTIONS.

17. Shell Structures p
What are questions you could ask about the following “answers”? - objects that use a thin, carefully shaped outer layer of material to provide their strength and rigidity

18. Shell Structures p
- parachutes, eggs, igloos, box, cream puffs, bubbles, turtle shells

19. Shell Structures p
- completely empty so make great containers - use very little building material

20. Shell Structures p278-280 flat materials do not easily form shells
-careful assembly is required
- tiny weaknesses from formation, material, outside forces can easily damage the shell

21. Shell Structures p
- tiny weaknesses from formation, material, outside forces can easily damage the shell

22. Frame Structures p
Write your own questions and answers for frame structures.

23. Mass Structures p
Write your own questions and answers for mass structures.

24. Mix and Match Structures p280
Write your own questions and answers for mass structures.

25. Type of Structure Quiz Tent Dam Spider web Boat Skull Pop can Bridge
Identify the types of structure
Tent
Dam
Spider web
Boat
Skull
Pop can
Bridge
CD case
Solid plastic wing
Wood wing

26. Type of Structure Quiz
Name the type of structure (shell, mass or frame) that is most likely to fail because
1)The material it was built from has small cracks or weaknesses
2) The weight of the structure caused the ground underneath it to shift
3) The outside walls were tilted slightly by an earthquake

27. Type of Structure Quiz Tent (combination shell/frame) Dam (mass)
Identify the types of structure
Tent (combination shell/frame)
Dam (mass)
Spider web (frame)
Boat (combination frame/shell)
Skull (shell)
Pop can (shell)
Bridge (frame)
CD case (shell)
Solid plastic wing (mass)
Wood wing (combination frame/shell)

28. Type of Structure Quiz
Name the type of structure that is most likely to fail because
1) the material it was built from has small cracks or weaknesses (shell)
2) The weight of the structure caused the ground underneath it to shift (mass)
3) The outside walls were tilted slightly by an earthquake (frame/shell)

29. Marshmallow Challenge
To test your ability to apply what you have learned about structures and to test how you learn in a group, you will build a free standing structure using spaghetti, marshmallow, tape and string as a group that you will choose.

30. Exit Slip

31. Pinocchio nose Pinocchio nose challenge
(longest free-hanging nose extending from the face,
using only newspaper
(take what you need but use what you take)
masking tape (no sticky side of the tape can touch the skin)
String
20 minutes

32. Type of Structure: Design
Mass structures (p )
Can be made by piling up or forming similar materials into a particular shape or design
Advantages:
Held in place by its own weight
Doesn’t wear down or break easily
Disadvantages:
Uses a lot of materials
Examples: (List as many as you can)

33. Type of Structure: Design
2) Frame structures (p ) -Advantages: -easy to design and build - use very little materials - can be built quickly -Disadvantages: - might need anchors to the ground - parts have to fit together precisely - might need to be braced or reinforced

34. Type of Structure: Design
3) Shell structures (p ) -Advantages: - completely empty so make great containers - use very little building material Disadvantages: - flat materials do not easily form shells - careful assembly is required - tiny weaknesses from formation, material, outside forces can easily damage the shell

35. Type of Structure: Design
Mix and Match (p280)
- combinations of the strengths of the five different types of structures create super structures
- examples: airplanes, hydroelectric dams, geodesic domes, warehouses

36. Materials and Design
What a structure is made out of (materials) and how it is put together (design) can determine its successful function

37. Materials and Design
How do you think you will be able to use paper to make a table strong enough to hold a textbook?

38. Materials and Design Obtain a sheet of newspaper and tape
Roll two pieces of paper into two tight tubes from corner to corner (on the diagonal) and tape it closed
Form one rolled paper into a square.
Form one rolled paper into a triangle

39. Materials and Design Push down on each shape.
Which one can withstand more force?
Does it depend on its orientation?
Does it depend on which part of the shape you are applying the force?

40. Build a table, using newspaper (what you take, you must use!) and tape
Make a Paper Table
Build a table, using newspaper (what you take, you must use!) and tape
15 cm high must support at least 1 textbook.
Must use a frame structure
No countdown timer…

41. Make a Paper Table
When engineers solve a problem, they try different ideas, learn from mistakes and try again.
Changing the shape of a material affects its strength.
Any shape that distributes the force of a load increases the materials strength (load distribution)

42. Make a Paper Table Troubleshooting Exit Slip
What did you do when the tubes started to unroll?
What is load distribution?
What did you do when the legs tried to tilt or twist?
What did you do when a tube started to buckle?
Where did you apply reinforcement in your design?
How did your design account for load distribution?
What needed to be as sturdy as possible to support the book?

43. Engineering in Action
Check out these items that engineers made out of paper. Then choose from the list and see if you can figure out the year each item was invented.
A. Paper Church
One of the most famous
paper tube structures:
temporary church building
erected after
the Great Hanshin earthquake.

44. Engineering in Action
Check out these items that engineers made out of paper. Then choose from the list and see if you can figure out the year each item was invented.
B. Paper Video Disc
- This disc holds more than three times as much data as a standard DVD and is much better for the environment

45. Engineering in Action
Check out these items that engineers made out of paper. Then choose from the list and see if you can figure out the year each item was invented.
C. Paper House
- An engineer built a vacation home out of newspaper into one-inch thick slabs and then used them to make the walls.

46. Engineering in Action
Check out these items that engineers made out of paper. Then choose from the list and see if you can figure out the year each item was invented.
D. Paper Towels
- By mistake, a factory made rolls of paper that were too thick for toilet paper but too weak for most other uses. But where others see problems, engineers see possibilities. The paper was sold as “Sani-Towels” which soon became known as paper towels.

47. Engineering in Action
Check out these items that engineers made out of paper. Then choose from the list and see if you can figure out the year each item was invented.
E. Paper Batteries
- They’re smaller than a postage stamp but can power a light bulb! And they decompose in landfills.

48. Engineering in Action
Check out these items that engineers made out of paper. Then choose from the list and see if you can figure out the year each item was invented.
F. Paper Dresses
- Engineers created paper outfits that were sold in stationary stores where you could get a table cloth to match!

49. Engineering in Action Paper Church – 1995 Paper Video Disc – 2004
Paper House – 1922
Paper Towels – 1931
Paper Batteries – 2007
Paper Dresses

50. Function The purpose of the structure May have more than one function
Containing
Breaking
Transporting
Holding
Sheltering
Supporting
Lifting
Fastening
Separating
Communicating

51. Function
Aesthetics p284
Beauty in art and nature
Colour, symmetry

52. Function
Durability
Ability to withstand erosion, weathering, long term repetitive use

53. Function
Safety p285
Margin of safety is the limits of a structure before it fails and hurts someone
Balancing Safety with Cost – making structures safe usually are expensive but necessary

54. Materials
The properties or characteristics of the materials must match the purpose of the structure

55. Materials Composite Materials p286 MDF - Medium-density
Made from more than one kind of material that can resist more than one kind of force
MDF - Medium-density
fibreboard (MDF)

56. Materials Layered Materials p286 Different materials,
pressed and glued together to produce a combination of properties
Layers of one substance can be more useful than a single thick piece
Can be cost effective and more available

57. Materials Woven and Knit p287
Hair-like fibres that have been spun (twisted together) into long, thin strings
String that can be interlocked into a crisscross pattern
Very flexible and stretchable
Lightweight, easily transported and stored

58. Materials Considerations when choosing a material: p288-289 Cost
Appearance
Environmental impact
Energy efficiency
Availability and waste
Function
Know your materials

59. Building Big
Experiment with: Building Big* Shape (as a class) Materials as a chart Materials (test materials – textbook p287 Sneezeproof Strength) Build a Teepee*

60. Get a whiteboard and …name that joint…
Joints p
Mobile joints
Rigid joints
Fasteners
Interlocking shapes
Ties
Adhesives
Melting

61. Name that Joint…

62. Name that Joint…
Rigid

63. Name that Joint…

64. Name that Joint…
Adhesive

65. Name that Joint…

66. Name that Joint…
Interlocking Shapes

67. Name that Joint…

68. Name that Joint…
Ties

69. Name that Joint…

70. Name that Joint…
Fasteners

71. Name that Joint…

72. Name that Joint…
Melting

73. Name that Joint…

74. Name that Joint…
Mobile